COM – 159 – Flashcard

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Public speaking is centered on the speaker.
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False
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Preparation is key to effective public speaking.
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True
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Public speaking differs from other types of speech in that it:
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Tailors messages to the audience
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Effective public speaking skills do which of the following?
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Enhance the ability to effect change
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The ancient Greeks were the first to teach rhetoric formally as a subject.
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True
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Jim has to explain the team philosophy at the next parent/team coach's meeting. Is this considered a speech opportunity for Jim?
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True
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Which of the following is not an example of public speaking in the community?
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holding a conversation with your neighbor about local issues
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One advantage of public speaking is, a speaker can notice when the audience does not understand or disagrees.
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True
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Advantages of public speaking include all of the following except:
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No time constraints on delivery
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A speaker should revise a speech on-the-fly based on
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Audience feedback
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One valid solution to the common fear of "I might not know answers to questions" is
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Anticipate questions and find answers
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I may forget what I'm supposed to say, is a common fear of beginner speakers. Which of the following are methods to reduce this fear? (select all that apply)
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Develop a key word presentation outline. Create audiovisual aids that remind you as well as your audience of your key points. Practice in front of a mirror and in front of another person. Record your rehearsals and review the recordings.
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To reduce speaker anxiety you should always have a backup plan for your visual aids
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true
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Slight nervousness can be beneficial when delivering a speech.
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true
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My audiovisual aids might not work as planned is one of the common fears and problems.
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true
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Speakers who experience the most anxiety just before their presentations should do which of the following?
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volunteer to speak first
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Most public speakers experience more anxiety before their presentation than during it.
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true
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After you have made a list of what you are afraid of, related to public speaking, you should
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plan how you will deal w/ them
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Turn your focus outward means
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focus on your audience
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In speech giving, what is the role of visualization?
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reduces the speaker's anxiety
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The primary goal of a presentation is called the:
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rhetorical purpose
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Speeches typically have one of the following objectives
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To inform, to persuade, to mark a special occasion
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The thesis statement reflects the overall essence of the message of a speech.
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true
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Definitions, statistics, and narratives are all examples of main points.
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false
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To be effective, the topic of a speech should be which of the following?
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appealing to the audience and speaker
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As you are refining your presentation you are (select all that apply)
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Developing transitions Selecting your word choice Developing your presentational techniques
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Public speakers typically overplan and overpractice.
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false
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Speech outlines should have three major parts: Introduction, Body, and conclusion.
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true
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A presentation aid is
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anything in addition to your speech that your audience members can see or hear that helps them understand and remember your message.
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The best presentation aids should overshadow the importance of the spoken words of a presentation.
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false
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In public speaking, pictures, charts, and handouts should be the focus of the presentation.
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false
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Craig shares his opinions and new info. regularly at the parent teacher association meetings at his son's school...
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true
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Researchers have found that visualizing success does not reduce anxiety for public speaking students.
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false
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A speaker can enhance the verbal message through gestures, eye contact and visual aids, and therefor has an advantage over written messages.
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true
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At the next conference Josie speaks at, she needs to appeal to her audiences senses. She can accomplish that through the use of a visual aid.
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true
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Preparing longer and shorter versions of your presentation is a good idea.
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true
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Speakers who are sensitive to their audience members' cultural backgrounds do which of the following?
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customize their presentation to the norms of their audience
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Potential car buyers who actively consider their financial situations while listening to salespeople explain the prices of various options on a car engage in:
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processing
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In the public speaking process, it is most important for whom to demonstrate sound listening skills?
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speaker and audience
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Audiences with strong listening skills enjoy which of the following benefits?
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ability to absorb info.
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People who engage in unprocessed note taking do which of the following?
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write down a speaker's ideas without reflecting on them
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The retention phase of listening is measured by the:
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ability to remember what is heard
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One way to get your audience to listen effectively is to
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front-load and back-load your main message
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Speakers help audience members overcome their listening challenges by doing all of the following except:
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relying heavily on statistics
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Constructive criticism is
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feedback a speaker can use to improve his or her skills
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It is important for speech topics to interest the listeners.
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true
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Speakers can anticipate ineffective listening by assessing audience members' energy levels.
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true
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Situational characteristics are observable before a speech.
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true
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Speakers can learn about their audience through observation.
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true
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All of the following are demographic characteristics except:
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body clock
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Demographics can help speakers understand listeners' beliefs and willingness to receive messages.
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true
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Which of the following is a question a speaker might ask when analyzing prior exposure?
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"Has my audience already heard this message?"
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Speakers and audiences who share beliefs, values, and experiences are said to have:
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common ground
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Choose an organizational pattern that will keep them engaged is an effective strategy for different audiences and situations.
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true
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Choose stories and examples that connect to audience experience and expectations is an effective strategy for different audiences and situations.
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true
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Every audience is unique.
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true
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Choose supporting information and evidence that matches the interests of the audience is an effective strategy for different audiences and situations.
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true
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Speakers who wish to use mind mapping during speech preparation should do all of the following except:
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apply geographic principles
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When speakers list all ideas that come to mind without evaluating any, they practice:
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brainstorming
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The first step in topic selection is audience analysis.
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false
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Topic evaluation is a vital part of brainstorming.
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false
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The occasion, surrounding environment, and situation of a presentation can render a topic inappropriate.
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true
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A speech that describes how to obtain a scholarship would be considered informative.
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true
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Persuasive speakers sometimes try to strengthen audience members' existing positions on an issue.
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true
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Successful speakers consider potential topics carefully, but then they make a definitive choice and focus on preparation.
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true
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Which of the following is a proper specific purpose for a speech?
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"Allow enough time for questions and answers in presentations."
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In the statement "To mark a special occasion by delivering a moving tribute to my grandmother and grandfather on their wedding anniversary," the phrase "To mark a special occasion" reflects the speech's:
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rhetorical purpose
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Sketches and doodles are tools for mind mapping.
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true
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Argumentative listeners characteristically do which of the following?
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listen for ideas that they can oppose
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A good thesis statement states all the facts and ideas of a speech.
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false
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Unprocessed note taking improves retention by focusing on the processing stage of listening.
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false
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Nervous listening can enhance information gathering and interpretation.
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false
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Audience members who ask thoughtful questions during speeches and applaud appropriately do which of the following?
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show that they are listening
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a speaker who is trying to communicate common ground with an audience nonverbally would do which of the following?
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wear a local team's jersey during a presentation
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All of the following behaviors support interactive listening except:
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multitasking during presentations
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A person who says, "I went to your speech, and I remember that you support natural fertilizer because it is safe and economical" has probably done which of the following?
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listened
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People who hear (rather than listen) do which of the following?
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receive messages passively
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When speakers must take questions and comments from the audience, they are more likely to succumb to:
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agenda-driven listening
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Speakers who engage in interruptive listening are often viewed as:
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arrogant
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Effective communicators don't worry about tailoring their delivery strategy to a particular audience.
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false
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While listening to a presentation, jot down your thoughts about the speaker's delivery and message.
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true
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Situational audience analysis helps speakers gain an understanding of likely audience members during the days leading up to a speech.
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false
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Agenda-driven listening is most likely to affect speakers who must take questions and comments during their presentations.
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true
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Mind mapping uses only the creative side of the brain.
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false
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Which of the following is not a technique for delivering an informative speech?
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technical
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A speech on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy is an example of which type of informative speech topic?
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event
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Which of the following is not suitable as a topic for an informative speech about an object?
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Lady Gaga
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A speaker who shows an audience how to prepare a baby's bottle uses which of the following informing techniques?
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demonstration
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Informative speeches are intended to do all of the following except:
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persuade listeners
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A persuasive speaker who opposes capital punishment but is presenting to an audience that favors it should try to do which of the following?
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weaken the audience's commitment to the death penalty
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When persuasive speakers face audience members who already agree with their perspectives, those speakers should try to:
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strengthen listeners' commitment to their perspectives
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It is easier for people to agree on value claims than on fact claims.
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false
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Persuasive speakers seek to influence audience members' beliefs, attitudes, or actions.
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true
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With any persuasive speech, there are many arguments a speaker might make to support a speech's thesis.
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true
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A listener who owns no cats and has never considered the issue of mandatory licensing for all domestic cats would be considered:
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neutral
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Occupation, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, and family status are all elements of:
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demographics
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To effectively persuade a given topic, help listeners visualize benefits gained if they take the actions you are advocating.
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true
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Persuasive speakers are most likely to succeed when they choose speech topics within listeners' latitude of acceptance.
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true
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Competence is practical wisdom derived from knowledge and experience with topic
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true
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To ensure their sources' credibility, speakers should use facts provided by unbiased experts.
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true
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Once you lose your credibility it is very difficult to repair.
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true
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Ethos is
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Establishing credibility as a speaker
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Which of the following are ways to building your ethos (Select all that apply)
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Share your qualifications to speak on the topic. Present strong evidence from reputable sources.
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When speakers assume that a statement such as "Nuclear power plants cause cancer" is true because many people believe it is true, those speakers commit which type of fallacy?
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bandwagon (ad populum)
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Speakers who use trustworthy facts to back their claims and clearly show how those facts led them to their claims demonstrate which of the following?
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logos
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Speakers who replace their opponents' real claims with weaker claims they can more easily rebut rely on the fallacy known as:
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straw person
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The basic premise of bandwagoning is that an argument must be true because it is:
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believed by most people
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The defining quality of post hoc fallacies is that they:
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incorrectly link causes and effects
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Which of the following appeals to human emotions?
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pathos
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Pathos is
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Using emotional appeals
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Because emotional appeals are so powerful in persuasive speaking, speakers need not waste time adding logical ideas to their presentation.
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false
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According to some experts, which of the following is the primary motivator of human activity?
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emotions
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A fear appeal is most likely to persuade listeners when:
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audience members can fix the problem
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When analyzing audiences for informative speeches, speakers should start by:
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considering the characteristics of the speaking situation
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Which of the following is not a type of logical fallacy?
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fear appeal
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Goodwill toward the audience is illustrated by empathizing with members' views and putting their needs, feelings, and concerns first.
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true
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Listeners weigh costs and benefits before responding to your persuasive appeal.
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true
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In a persuasive speech, a policy claim is a call for action.
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true
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Fact claims that people cannot debate make the strongest persuasive speech topics.
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false
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All of the following are types of informative speech topics except:
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sensory
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To effectively persuade a given topic, help listeners visualize benefits gained if they take actions you are advocating.
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true
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Most informative presentations blend the techniques of definition, explanation, description, demonstration, and narrative.
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true
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Together, the sentences "Either the gov. funds an expedition to Mars..."
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false dilemma
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Logos is
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presenting sound reasoning behind a claim
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Which of the following is an example of a value claim that might be found in a persuasive speech?
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"Denying marriage to same-sex couples is unfair."
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As long as fear appeal demonstrates a serious threat to listeners' well-being, a speaker can ethically exaggerate it for effect.
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false
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Use of evidence adds little to a speaker's credibility.
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false
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The technique that uses words, colors, and pictures and both sides of the brain to generate speech-topic ideas is called:
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brainstorming
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Inventory your research needs means
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Make a list of the areas you need to research
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When researching, a speaker should keep clear and accurate records of all the resources being researched.
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true
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Research is a critical part of the public speaking process because it does all of the following except:
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prevent audience questions
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Researching your topic and providing strong evidence for your claims can make your presentation more interesting, increase your credibility as a speaker, and help you achieve your goals.
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true
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Researching benefits the speaker in the following way.
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gain credibility with the target audience
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Citations are an important part of the research process because they:
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provide required information for your outline and speech
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The author of a web-based source is important for source citation
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TRUE
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Primary resources are
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first hand experiences of someone involved
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The title of publication is important for source citation
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true
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Secondary resources are
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content based on someone else's research
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When evaluating source credibility, a person with a degree in animal science and a positive reputation as a veterinarian is said to have:
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expertise
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In general, older evidence is more reliable than newer evidence.
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false
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It is the speakers responsibility to obtain information that is reliable and credible.
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true
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Of the characteristics for evaluating sources' credibility, which requires a lack of bias?
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objectivity
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Objectivity of sources is, "not being influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased"
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true
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Support materials do which of the following.
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builds audience
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In a presentation, the best supporting materials:
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interest listeners, help them understand the message, and show them you're informed
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Supporting materials help convince audiences that claims merit consideration.
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true
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Supporting materials are designed to do all of the following in presentations except:
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become the dominant focus of your speech
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The knowledge and interests of audience members can help speakers choose the most appropriate supporting materials.
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true
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An arson investigator who explains the meaning of the term fire tetrahedron is providing which of the following types of definition?
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expert
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As supporting material, statistics are most useful for:
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showing trends of instances over time
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A speaker who says that gorillas, spider monkeys, and chimpanzees are endangered to support the claim that primate species are endangered is using which type of supporting material?
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examples
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Speakers who take the time to define new terms and provide examples in their presentations use supporting materials primarily to:
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enhance audience understanding
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As supporting material, a brief example differs from an extended example in that an extended example:
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provides greater detail
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While researching a presentation online, a well-informed speaker visits a Web site and decides it is credible because it has:
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arguments on both sides of an issue
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To evaluate the credibility of online sources a speaker should:
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see if another credible source provides information similar to that found on the site you're evaluating
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When speakers find Internet information with questionable credibility, what should they do?
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research the content's author in online or periodical indexes
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During presentations, speakers should cite their sources as they present evidence.
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true
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Speakers can assess Web sites' credibility by evaluating those sites' Web addresses.
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false
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Etymological definitions explain how things are used.
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false
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For new or complicated topics be sure to use support materials to enhance audience understanding.
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true
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Observational capacity enhances a source's credibility on a topic.
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true
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The first step when developing a research plan is tracking down sources.
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false
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Narratives can be effective supporting material for presentations because they:
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engage and entertain the audience
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For the best results, supporting materials in speeches should be varied.
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true
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In a speech, expert testimony is primarily designed to:
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win audience acceptance of claims
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Analogies force listeners to learn new information through memorization.
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false
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Speakers should avoid using lay testimony to support factual claims in speeches because:
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factual claims require relevant expertise
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Audiences are likely to accept biased evidence because it demonstrates an opinion.
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false
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In speeches, visual aids are a good way to explain statistics
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true
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When creating research plans, speakers should consult school or community libraries as well as the internet.
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true
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An anecdote about a speaker's trip to the Congo would qualify as which type of supporting material?
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narrative
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Undefined terms can frustrate listeners and work counter to public speaking goals.
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true
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The broadest range of credible sources are found
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at the library
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In speech giving, the organization pattern that links events with outcomes is:
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causal
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In a spatial pattern, speech elements are arranged according to:
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location
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In a well-organized speech, every main point relates to the:
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speech's specific purpose
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Chronology is the critical organizing factor in which of the following speech organization patterns?
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temporal
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A speech on the bones in a bat's wing would be best organized in which of the following patterns?
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spatial
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Speakers who arrange their presentations' points and supporting materials in hierarchies subscribe to the principle of:
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subordination
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When a speech is well organized, the subpoints are always subordinate to:
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main points
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Main points are the highest level of subordination in a speech, and supporting materials are subordinate to those main points.
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true
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A speech outline helps you lay out the sequence and hierarchy of your ideas.
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true
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In a speech, all main points should relate to the speech's specific purpose.
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true
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New or ironic facts are effective attention-getters.
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true
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Which of the following is not a purpose of a speech's introduction?
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state the speech's main points in depth
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In a speech's introduction, which of the following would not serve as a striking or provocative statement?
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intuitive statement
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In a speech introduction, the material that is intended to capture the audience's interest is known as the:
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attention-getter
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A brief statement of the main points in a speech's body is known as a(n):
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preview
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In a speech, a conclusion should:
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summarize the message
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Which part of a speech's conclusion resembles the preview in a speech's introduction?
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summary
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The conclusion is a good place to introduce new ideas.
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false
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Which of the following could serve as a transition to a speech's conclusion?
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"Today we have seen how to regain financial health."
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A conclusion is effective in a speech when it:
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helps listeners remember main points
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In a speech outline, supporting materials that are relevant to the main point they support demonstrate the principle of:
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subordination
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A speech outline should contain the various aspects of the introduction.
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true
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Most speech instructors recommend that students outline their speech elements in which of the following orders?
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body, introduction, conclusion
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Speakers should prepare their speaking outlines before they prepare their working outlines.
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false
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The real substance, or "meat," of a speech appears in its:
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body
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When presenting to an audience, a speaker should refer to which type of outline?
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speaking
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In a speaking outline, the main points of a speech should appear as:
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one-to-three keywords or a brief phrase
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When a speech uses difficult words, the speaking outline should include:
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pronunciation notes
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Phrases such as "Slow down!" "Look up!" and "Key point!" are all examples of:
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delivery reminders
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The statement "There are many reasons you should support school fund-raising" is a poor transition because it:
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fails to signal the end of a previous point
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Which of the following is an example of an analogy?
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"A DNA molecule is like a ladder."
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When selecting main points for a speech, speakers should do all of the following except:
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allow speeches to run long to cover all points
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An introduction creates an initial impression of a speaker and a speaker's message.
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true
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It does not matter which part of the outline you start with.
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false
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As elements of a speaking outline, delivery notes are designed to:
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remind speakers how to deliver content
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Speakers who are concerned about misusing statistics in their presentations should do all of the following except:
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add multiple statistics for every main point
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When drafting your outline in Microsoft Word, once your key ideas are inserted you are not able to rearrange or move them.
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false
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When presenting extemporaneously, speakers use limited notes so that their words will be spontaneous and fresh when they explain their ideas.
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true
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A speaking outline is a condensed version of the working outline that retains main points, subpoints, and source quotations.
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true
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A clincher is well-crafted when it:
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leaves a lasting impression of your speech
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In general, well-organized speeches do which of the following?
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reveal the relationships between key ideas
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A summary in a conclusion has similarities to a preview in an introduction.
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true
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A conclusion to a speech should start with a:
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transition
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Effective public speakers gain audience confidence and establish credibility by doing which of the following?
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establishing common ground
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The statement "Now that you have learned about the muscles of the hand, let me tell you about the muscles of the lower arm" is an example of a(n):
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transition
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Suspense in an introduction only serves to irritate audiences.
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false
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A working outline contains brief, bulleted points that speakers can refer to while presenting.
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false
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The part of a speech's conclusion that leaves a lasting impression is known as a:
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clincher
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Speech organization helps foster audience comprehension.
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true
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Which of the following sentences contains a connotative meaning?
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"The singer burst onto the country music scene."
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Relative to written language, oral or spoken language tends to be:
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simpler
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All of the following are true of language and word choice in public speaking except:
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abstract language is more powerful than concrete language
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Which of the following sentences provides a denotative meaning?
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"A cat is an animal in the feline family."
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Which of the following sentences is most concrete?
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"Last Friday at noon, Manuel finished the writing project."
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Relative to script delivery, speech delivery via memorization:
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facilitates eye contact with listeners
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In most public speaking situations, which of the following delivery modes achieves the best results?
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extemporaneous
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The reading from a manuscript mode of speech delivery tends to cause speakers to:
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speak in a monotone
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Which of the following is considered part of speech delivery?
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nonverbal skills
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In public speaking situations, extemporaneous delivery gets the best results with audiences because it:
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allows the speaker to choose spontaneous, fresh language
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To use gestures properly, speakers should do all of the following except:
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add more gestures as nervousness increases
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All of the following are elements of nonverbal delivery except:
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articulation
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Which of the following is true of eye contact during speech delivery?
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listeners and speakers look at each other
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The technique of panning is designed to establish:
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eye contact
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A speaker who would like to use a small object as a visual aid should do which of the following?
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bring the object closer to listeners
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A speaker who would like to compare the average temperatures of several U.S. cities would find which of the following presentation aids most effective?
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bar graph
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Which of the following printed materials would best identify the locations of major attractions in San Francisco?
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map
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In spoken presentations, all of the following serve as presentation aids except:
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speech scripts
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Effective presentation aids do all of the following except:
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take attention from speakers
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During presentations, a speaker's slides, and not the speech content, should be the center of attention.
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false
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As audience size increases, visual aids should:
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enlarge
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Speakers who look at their visual aids during their presentations are most likely:
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inexperienced with speaking
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All of the following are ways to control audience interaction with presentation aids except:
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encouraging audience members to read handouts during the speech
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Which of the following statements is true of presentation aids used appropriately in speeches?
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audiovisual aids supplement a speech
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Excessive use of clipart is one way to engage an audience through presentation aids.
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false
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During a presentation, all audience members should be able to see and hear presentation aids.
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true
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Using a font color that does not contrast with the background color is hard to read and becomes a distraction for your audience.
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true
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The best font size can vary depending on your presentation setting.
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true
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Using punctuation sparingly on a presentation aid slide is an effective strategy.
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true
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When a community activist expresses gratitude for an award for lowering local poverty, that activist delivers the type of special-occasion speech known as:
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acceptance
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A speech that explains both why a high school's academic award is significant and why the recipient earned the award is considered which type of special-occasion speech?
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presentation
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All of the following are types of special-occasion speeches except:
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fanfare
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Which one of the following types of special-occasion speeches provides context and gives credentials for the main speaker or performer?
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introduction
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A speaker who delivers a "speech before the speech" to prepare an audience for the main event gives the special-occasion speech known as:
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introduction
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Speakers who know when they are scheduled to present and for how long but allow their presentations to run long fail to honor which guideline of effective special-occasion speaking?
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respect time constraints
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Which of the following speaker statements is an example of appealing to listeners' emotions during a special-occasion speech?
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"Anke's joy for life hasn't died, it lives on in the smiles of her grandchildren."
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Speakers who want to deliver effective special-occasion speeches should do all of the following except:
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allow speeches to run as long as needed
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At a wedding, a best man who uses his toast to the couple to focus on the couple's most notorious fights fails to follow which guideline for special-occasion speaking?
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match delivery to the mood of the occasion
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A speaker who wells up with tears while delivering a speech at the graveside service of a coworker follows which guideline for effective special-occasion speaking?
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appeal to the audience's emotions
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Which of the following self-oriented roles characterizes a person who brings up irrelevant points or engages in a side conversation with other group members?
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distracter
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In a group setting, the task-oriented member who takes notes during a meeting, sends memos summarizing meeting events, and provides agendas for future meetings is known as the:
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recorder
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As group members, elaborators offer their own judgments of the ideas arising from group discussions.
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false
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A group member who points out the fact that all group members seem to agree that the group should focus on middle-school peer pressure plays the task-oriented role known as:
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synthesizer
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When a group gathers, the member who says, "Consuela and Jamir, despite your differences, I'm sure you can both agree that our goal is to help lower fuel costs through smaller, more efficient cars" plays which of the following maintenance roles?
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compromiser
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When an army lieutenant appoints a staff sergeant to lead a task force on prisoner violence, that lieutenant creates a leader classified as:
answer
designated
question
A person in a group who is acknowledged to be the leader because he or she has special skills would be considered which type of leader?
answer
implied
question
Which of the following statements might a group leader use to facilitate a discussion?
answer
"Renata, what do you think about that solution?"
question
Which of the following leader types comes to be recognized as a leader by the group's members over time?
answer
emergent
question
Effective group leaders do all of the following except:
answer
help cultivate groupthink
question
Effective conflict management includes focusing on the task rather than disagreements of the members.
answer
true
question
Which of the following is the last step in the reflective-thinking process?
answer
select the best solution
question
A group member who is trying to manage conflict in a group should do which of the following?
answer
refer to ideas by topic
question
Effective conflict management resolving conflicts and disagreements quickly.
answer
true
question
Effective conflict management includes presenting information that is free from bias.
answer
true
question
An effective eulogist or memorialist does which of the following?
answer
consoles audience members
question
Effective after-dinner speakers assume the role of entertainers.
answer
true
question
A speaker who connects a recipient's background to an award's criteria follows a guideline set up for which type of special-occasion speech?
answer
presentation
question
All of the following are strategies for effective after-dinner speeches except:
answer
stick to your prepared script
question
During a speech of introduction, which of the following is not one of a speaker's main goals?
answer
get audience members to interact more with one another
question
A speaker who, during a speech of acceptance, says, "I am so caught off guard" but then reads from a prepared script fails to honor which guideline for effective special-occasion speaking?
answer
show genuine humility
question
An emergent leader is chosen by an external authority to manage a group.
answer
false
question
Because a group is made up of many people, the leader's role is of little consequence.
answer
false
question
Effective group decision making includes generating a few qualified ideas.
answer
false
question
Effective leaders model the expected behavior of the group members.
answer
true
question
In a group, the self-oriented role is the most productive.
answer
false
question
Effective group membership includes (Select all that apply)
answer
Listening Participating Facilitating
question
The effective group leader addresses the procedural needs of the group. Procedural needs include which of the following
answer
Identifying when and where is the meeting
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