question

According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as...

answer

labeling familiar objects.

question

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?

answer

An inability to form new long-term memories

question

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

answer

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

question

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they..

answer

may differ from one task to another.

question

Information remains in sensory memory for...

answer

seconds or a fraction of a second.

question

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.

answer

control

question

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

answer

persistence of vision.

question

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...

answer

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.

question

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves...

answer

a smaller response set.

question

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw ____ of the 12 letters in the display.

answer

10

question

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as...

answer

echoic memory.

question

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that...

answer

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

question

Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT...

answer

deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.

question

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

answer

decay; interference

question

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thurs-day, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as...

answer

proactive interference.

question

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

answer

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.

question

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is...

answer

15-20 seconds.

question

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with...

answer

STM

question

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

answer

poor short-term

question

The "magic number," according to Miller, is...

answer

7 plus or minus 2.

question

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)...

answer

meaningful units.

question

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

answer

1492 911 1776

question

The primary effect of chunking is to...

answer

stretch the capacity of STM.

question

Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that...

answer

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

question

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that...

answer

chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

question

Coding refers to the way information is...

answer

represented.

question

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the...

answer

physiological approach to coding.

question

If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...

answer

semantic.

question

Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of...

answer

auditory coding in LTM.

question

Information is coded in STM exclusively through an auditory code.

answer

False

question

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...

answer

C.

question

The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the _____ of the stimulus.

answer

sound

question

Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.

answer

visual

question

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

answer

80% : 40% : 30% correct

question

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his col-leagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates...

answer

A build-up and release of proactive interference

question

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...

answer

the stimulus category remained the same.

question

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to...

answer

proactive interference.

question

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing...

answer

release from proactive interference.

question

Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of...

answer

short-term memory.

question

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...

answer

working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.

question

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is...

answer

manipulated.

question

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...

answer

the visuospatial sketch pad.

question

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

answer

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

question

The word-length effect reveals that...

answer

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

question

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember...

answer

a list of long words than a list of short words

question

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying...

answer

the phonological loop.

question

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...

answer

articulatory suppression.

question

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because...

answer

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

question

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it...

answer

interferes with semantic coding.

question

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some or-anges" in your mind AND...

answer

pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

question

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND...

answer

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

question

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

answer

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

question

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

answer

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

question

One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.

answer

the central executive

question

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying...

answer

perseveration.

question

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?

answer

The central executive and long-term memory

question

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

answer

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

question

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...

answer

prefrontal cortex.

question

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during...

answer

delay.

question

Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the task.

answer

reading span

question

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

answer

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

question

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as...

answer

anterograde amnesia.

question

Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as...

answer

retrograde amnesia.

question

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

answer

I was talking to that girl just before class.

question

The primacy effect is attributed to...

answer

recall of information stored in LTM.

question

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with...

answer

LTM.

question

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.

answer

first five and the last five words

question

You've now learned about the serial position curve. The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?

answer

A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall

question

When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace...

answer

increases the primacy effect.

question

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?

answer

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

question

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

answer

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

question

An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who...

answer

exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.

question

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

answer

the hippocampus

question

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...

answer

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

question

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

answer

LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.

question

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)...

answer

auditory code in long-term memory.

question

The predominant type of coding in LTM is...

answer

semantic.

question

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably...

answer

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

question

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

answer

APPLE

question

We are conscious of _____ memories.

answer

declarative

question

Explicit memory is to _______ as implicit memory is to _______ .

answer

declarative; nondeclarative

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

answer

Semantic memory

question

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory.

answer

episodic; semantic

question

One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that...

answer

it involves mental time travel.

question

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

answer

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

question

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

answer

Semantic

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

answer

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

question

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.

answer

episodic

question

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...

answer

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

question

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.

answer

episodic

question

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

answer

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

question

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in...

answer

remembering where a best friend had moved.

question

Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how...

answer

episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory.

question

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

answer

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

question

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had...

answer

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

question

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

answer

One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems fa-miliar so he decides that it must be right.

question

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that...

answer

we are not conscious we are using it.

question

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

answer

repetition priming.

question

Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates...

answer

conceptual priming.

question

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of...

answer

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

question

Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of...

answer

the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.

question

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

answer

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

question

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?

answer

"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."

question

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

answer

recognition

question

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory

answer

implicit and procedural

question

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

answer

Reading a sentence in a book

question

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...

answer

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

question

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

answer

The propaganda effect

question

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

answer

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

question

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

answer

50 First Dates

question

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

answer

encoding.

question

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...

answer

repeating it over and over.

question

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

answer

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

question

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of...

answer

elaborative rehearsal.

question

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...

answer

encoded.

question

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?

answer

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

question

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

answer

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

question

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

answer

Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing

question

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

answer

the number of vowels in a word.

question

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

answer

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

question

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most ef-fective if the generated sentence is...

answer

complex.

question

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence...

answer

creates more connections.

question

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because...

answer

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

question

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on...

answer

the self-reference effect.

question

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

answer

generation effect.

question

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

answer

Retrieval

question

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

answer

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

question

Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the...

answer

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

question

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

answer

an organizational context during learning

question

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

answer

organization

question

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

answer

retrieval cues

question

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created...

answer

by the person whose memory will be tested.

question

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

answer

encoding specificity.

question

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as...

answer

encoding specificity.

question

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

answer

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

question

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

answer

calm

question

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at re-trieval. This is called...

answer

transfer-appropriate processing.

question

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...

answer

the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.

question

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____.

answer

auditorially; auditorially

question

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are...

answer

short and across several days.

question

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

answer

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

question

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

answer

highlighting

question

The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...

answer

the encoding specificity principle.

question

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with...

answer

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

question

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the...

answer

neurotransmitters.

question

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

answer

enhanced firing in the neurons.

question

The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the...

answer

amygdala.

question

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...

answer

a failure of memory consolidation.

question

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.

answer

remote

question

Graded amnesia occurs because...

answer

emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.

question

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in...

answer

long-term memory acquisition.

question

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

answer

Consolidation

question

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...

answer

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

question

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

answer

Kim performs better because of reactivation.

question

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

answer

recent and remote episodic

question

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of...

answer

remote, episodic memories.

question

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her...

answer

amygdala.

question

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...

answer

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

question

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

answer

reconsolidation.

question

Your text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering...

answer

all of these (how visualization exercises during therapy may lead to false memories, that there is no test that can accurately discriminate between true and false memories, the specific situation under which a person recalls the past.)

question

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

answer

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

question

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?

answer

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

question

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

answer

simultaneous

question

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.

answer

increasing

question

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that...

answer

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

question

Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses.

answer

memory-trace replacement

question

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT...

answer

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

question

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...

answer

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

question

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

answer

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

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Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

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the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

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Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting...

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a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

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The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and...

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source misattribution.

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Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI...

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even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

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In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was...

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auditory from a female speaker

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.Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of...

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retroactive interference.

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____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

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Retroactive interference

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The misinformation effect can be explained by...

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all of these (the memory-trace replacement hypothesis, retroactive interference, source monitoring.)

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The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because...

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MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

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Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)...

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"smashed."

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The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect.

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False

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The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

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after the event.

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"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal.

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less

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The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder...

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none of the above (is largely a blessing because no event would be erased, is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording remembering some events and forgetting others, which provides no useful service to humans, helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.)

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Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

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are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system.

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In discussing the survival value of the memory system, your text highlights the undesirability of...

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photographic memory.

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The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of...

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a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.

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In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of...

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constructive memory processes.

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Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

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script; semantic

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A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

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a sequence of actions.

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In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

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schemas

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Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

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schema.

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Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

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creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

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The experiment in which participants first read sentences about John fixing a birdhouse and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory...

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involves making inferences.

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____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

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Pragmatic inference

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The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

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source misattributions

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Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...

answer

24 hours.

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Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

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cryptomnesia.

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Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

answer

Source monitoring

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The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

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the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

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Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...

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constructive nature of memory.

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In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

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cultural expectations.

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The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

answer

constructive

question

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

answer

constructive

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The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

answer

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

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Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11. Results of these experiments show that participants...

answer

both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.

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Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...

answer

make more errors in their recollections.

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A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that...

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extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

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Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is...

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repeated recall.

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Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

answer

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

question

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

answer

Graduating from college at age 22

question

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

answer

cognitive hypothesis

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The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that...

answer

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

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Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

answer

transition points

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For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...

answer

adolescence and early adulthood.

question

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos...

answer

they took themselves.

Cognitive Psychology Quiz 2 (Chapters 5-8) – Flashcards

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