question

List and explain the similarities and differences between mental images and perception

answer

Mental Images: mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present. Perception: requires you to register information through the receptors in your sensory organs

question

According to the analog coding theory, how are mental images stored?

answer

This is a representation that closely resembles the physical object. Argues that mental imagery is a close relative of perception. When you look at a triangle, for example, the physical features of that triangle are registered in your brain in a form that preserves the physical relationship among the three lines

question

According to the propositional coding theory, how are mental images stored? What evidence supports each theory?

answer

Images are stored in an abstract, language-like representation; storage is neither visual nor spatial, and it does no physically resemble the original stimulus. This theory says that mental imagery is a close relative of language, not perception. Evidence favors the analog theory, but says when images are more complex, the evidence points toward the propositional coding theory.

question

Explain what mirror neurons are and how they might be used by athletes.

answer

These are active when another person performs a particular activity. This can be used by athletes by watching someone who is an expert at a particular sport, and then trying to imitate their form. Such as perfecting your jump shot in basketball by continuously watching clips of Michael Jordan's jumpshot.

question

According to Tversky, what are the reasons that mental map distortions exist?

answer

Simplified mental maps are far more useful than really detailed mental maps

question

Are we likely to estimate the distance from the Multipurpose Classroom Facility to the Liberal Arts Building as closer or farther than from Multipurpose Classroom Facility to Pizza Hut? Why does this occur?

answer

We are more likely to believe that the Multipurpose Classroom Facility is closer to the Liberal Arts Building than it is to Pizza Hut because we tend to group places into semantic categories.

question

Explain the effects of the presence of landmarks have on estimates on distance and why.

answer

The landmark effect is the general tendency to provide shorter distance estimates when traveling to a landmark, rather than a nonlandmark. Research shows that more prominent destinations seem closer than less important decisions.

question

The change clockwise or counterclockwise of a single coastline, country, or building to achieve a nearly vertical or horizontal position is called what?

answer

The Rotation Heuristic

question

Changing the alignment of several elements (countries, buildings, or figures) into a straight row is called?

answer

The Alignment Heuristic

question

Is hypnosis a good way to aid memory? Why or why not?

answer

It is not, it increases confidence in a correct answer, but it does not increase accuracy.

question

Discuss how source monitoring can affect a person's recall of information

answer

Source Monitoring: trying to identify the origin of memories and beliefs. Our memory tends to have a positive bias. We seem to have a wishful thinking type of bias as well, which will lead us to make errors in source monitoring.

question

How do schemas relate to autobiographical memory for unusual events?

answer

Schemas relate to our autobiographical memory in the sense that we tend to show a consistency bias, which is the tendency to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and our current viewpoint

question

What is dissociation?

answer

The failure to integrate or associate information and experience in a usual fashion (altered consciousness). It includes: an altered sense of time, drealization, absorption (being pulled into a movie or book), depersonalization (something isn't actually happening to you), analgesia (inability to feel pain), amnesia.

question

According to lecture, what evidence do we have that high levels of dissociation have pronounced effects on memory functioning and organization?

answer

DePrince and Freyd (1999) found that high dissociators tend to not remember things that were traumatic in their life. The study invovled showing the participant neutral words and traumatic words (related to something traumatic that happened in their life). When asked to recall the words, they were more accurate at recalling the neutral words and less accurate with the traumatic words.

question

What two things are required to have accurate Prospective Memory?

answer

Prospective Memory: remembering that you need to do something in the future. (1) you must establish that you intend to accomplish a particular task at some future time, and (2) at that future time, you must fulfill your intention.

question

What are Time Based and Event Based tasks in prospective memory? Which is more difficult?

answer

Event-based: triggered when event occurs, Time-based: triggered at a particular time (harder because there is no cue involved).

question

How can Prospective Memory be improved?

answer

(1) create a vivid, interactive mental image to prompt recall, (2) create a specific reminder or an external memory aid, which is defined as any device, external to yourself, that facilitates your memory in some way. Alarms on phone, tie a string around your finger, calendar, to-do list, physical restrictions

question

What trend is found between experiences of Tip of the Tongue and normal aging?

answer

TOT experinces tend to increase with normal aging

question

What is the transmission deficit model?

answer

Our memory is stored in a very large system of interconneted networks. This model suggests that as we age, the connections within this network start to decay. This model shows that it makes it hard to connect a name with a face when the name of the person doesn't reflect any physical characteristics of the physical person.

question

Explain the findings of Fogler & James (2007) in regard to descriptive and non-descriptive names and aging.

answer

Compared young adults (college-age) and older adults (63-81). Shown pictures of characters (fictional) and then asked to give the name. The name's were either descriptive (like "Big Bird") or non-descriptive (like Charlie Brown). Results showed that both groups did better w/ descriptive rather than non-descriptive names. Older adults have more trouble with non-descriptive names than younger adults do. Yes, older adults have more trouble with names, but less trouble w/ descriptive.

question

What type of Long Term Memory (LTM) can be accessed consciously and declared?

answer

Explicit memory (declarative)

question

What are the 4 stages of LTM?

answer

(1) Encoding, (2) consolidation, (3) storage, and (4) retrieval

question

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory? What kinds of LTM are they?

answer

Episodic: focuses on your memories for events that happened to you; allows you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes. This is autobiographical memory. Semantic: describes your organized knowledge about the world, factual information. Like knowing Boise is the capital of Idaho.

question

Why do people make pragmatic inferences in LTM?

answer

People understand and know that they usually need to recall only the gist accurately, but they can ignore the specific parts (the very fine details).

question

H.M.'s reaction to the hand buzzer is an example of learning new things and accessing them how? Explain.

answer

H.M. can learn new things and access them implicitly, but not explicitly. Because H.M.'s hippocampus was the only thing that was damaged, he can learn new semantic knowledge, but not episodic.

question

Recall is better if retrieval context is similar to encoding context, according to what principle?

answer

State-dependent theory

question

What is the self-reference effect and how does it work?

answer

You will remember more information if you try to relate the information to yourself. Tends to require especially deep processing.

question

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

answer

Recall: reproducing items strictly from memory that you heard earlier. Recognition: must identify whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time

question

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory access? What types of memory are associated with each?

answer

Explicit: memory that can be consciously recalled and declared. Examples are episodic and semantic memory. Implicit: memory that is not accessible through conscious efforts, nondeclarative. Examples are priming and procedural memory.

question

Explain the differences between retrograde and anterograde amnesia. What does the LIFO nature of retrograde amnesia tell us about the nature of memory? What does LIFO stand for?

answer

Anterograde: leads to an inability to form new LTMs. Retrograde: loss of memory for events before brain was damaged. LIFO: last in, first out. It tells us that memory is gradually consolidated over time, and then it becomes resistant to disruption.

question

How would you use the Method of Loci to assist you with remembering a grocery list?

answer

Method of Loci: you must associate the items to be learned with a series of visual images of physical locations familiar to you.

question

How does the constructivist approach view memory recall?

answer

This approach argues that we construct knowledge by integrating what we already know, so that our understanding of an event or topic is coherent and it makes sense. Argues that memory does not consist of a list of facts all stored in intact form and ready to be played like a videotape. Instead, we construct a memory by blending infor from a variety of sources.

question

What does PDP stand for and what is it?

answer

Parallel Distributing Processing: activation of multiple links in the network, allowing you to search many paths at once.

question

What is Empathic Accuracy?

answer

Being able to guess what another person is feeling emotionally

question

What is metacognition?

answer

Knowing about your own thought processes and memory function

question

How does Feeling of Knowing differ from Tip of the Tongue?

answer

TOT: the subjective feeling you have when you are confident that you know the target word for which you are searching, yet you cannot seem to recall it. FOK: prediction about whether you would correctly recognize the correct answer to a question. TOT is generally more of an involuntary effect, whereas FOK is more of a conscious effort.

question

How is the tip-of-the-tongue experience relevant to metacognition?

answer

Because you are thinking about your own thought processes that are involved in searching out the correct answer you are looking for

question

According to the book, what can we conclude about college students' accuracy on measures of metacomprehension?

answer

In general, college students are not very accurate

question

According to the book, what are some ways to improve metacomprehension? If you could tell a friend one most important point about memory improvement, what would it be?

answer

Taking pretests help quite a bit. Read a passage, wait a few minutes, and then try to write a summary on that passage.

question

What is semantic memory?

answer

Describes your organized knowledge about the world, very factual information. Such as knowing the capital of Idaho is Boise.

question

According to the book's discussion of semantic memory, why are concepts helpful to us?

answer

Concepts are helpful to us because we need to divide the world up into categories in order to make sense of our knowledge. This also helps to reduce storage space in our memory.

question

How are Defining Features and Characteristic Features used in the Feature Comparison Model?

answer

Feature Comparison Model: concepts are stored in memory according to a list of necessary features or characteristics. Defining Features: attributes that are necessary to the meaning of the item. Characterstic Features: attributes that are merely descriptive, but are not essential

question

What is the Typicality Effect and how is it explained by the Feature Comparison Model?

answer

Typicality Effect: people reach decisions faster when an item is a typical member of a category, rather than an unusual member. According to this model, when people encounter an atypical item, they need to compare the defining features for the item and its category, which takes extra time

question

What are some problems with the feature comparison model?

answer

Very few concepts we use in everyday life can be captured by a specific list of necessary defining features

question

Using the Prototype approach - how do you decide if an item belongs to a category?

answer

A prototype is an item that is most typical and representative of a category. Once you have chosen that, you compare every item after that prototype and judge whether they are similar enough to belong in the same category.

question

What are superordinate-level, basic-level, and subordinate level categories?

answer

Superordinate: higher-level, general categories. "Pet" Basic: moderately specific. "Dog" Subordinate: lower-level, more specific. "Cocker Spaniel"

question

Using the Exemplar approach - how do you decide if an item belongs to a category?

answer

This approach epmhasizes that your concept of "dog" would be represented by numerous examples of dogs you have known.

question

What is a schema? What is a script?

answer

Schema: consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which comes from past experiences. Eating lunch example Script: a simple, well-constructed sequence of events in a specific order that are associated with a highly familiar activity

question

How does schematic processing influence memory for places? Be specific.

answer

Schemas can shape recall. Office study. Expected items were recalled easily. Knowing what is an office jogs memory to produce more recall (inferences).

question

What can we conclude about children's use of organizational strategies (organization, rehearsal) in memory?

answer

Kids use schematic processing as well

Cognitive Psychology-Exam 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards