question

The release of energy in plants and animals from food (sugar)

answer

respiration

question

The superior colliculi deals with what reflexes?

answer

Visual

question

The inferior colliculi deals with what reflexes?

answer

Auditory

question

Both colliculi use what tract to carry out their reflexes?

answer

Tectospinal

question

Which cranial nerve inervates the iris?

answer

CN III - occulomotor

question

CN III travels through what nucleus of the midbrain which contributes to its parasympathetic function?

answer

Edinger - Westphals

question

Reticular formation of midbrain is located around what?

answer

Red nucleus

question

The red nucleus is divided into an inferior large area called ____ and a highly vascularized superior area called ____

answer

1.magnocellular 2. paryocellular

question

Red nucleus receives it's information from where?

answer

1. The deep cerebellar nuclei except fastigial 2. Cerebral cortex

question

Function of red nucleus

answer

Contralatteral motor responses in posture and flexor musculature

question

Lacated between tegmentum and crus

answer

Substantia nigra

question

What gives the substantia nigra it's black appearance? Present only in what?

answer

1. Dopamine 2. Mamals

question

Parkinsons is associated with drop in ____ in the ____.

answer

1. Dopamine 2. Substantia nigra

question

Ventrolateral aspect of cerebral peduncles composed of descending tracts

answer

Crus Cerebri

question

Descending tracts in crus cerebri (4)

answer

1. Corticospinal 2. Corticopontine 3. COrticobulbar 4. Corticomesencephalon

question

Where do corticomesencephalon fibers terminate?

answer

CN nuclei III and IV to initiate voluntary movement of the eye

question

Pineal tumors account for what percent of brain tumors?

answer

1%

question

Pineal gland is built like a what? Is it fenestrated? What does it secrete?

answer

1. Endocrine gland 2. Yes 3. Melatomin, seretonin, norepinephrine

question

5 major subdivisions of prosencephalon

answer

1. Third ventricle 2. Epithalamus 3. Thalamus 4. Hypothalamus 5. Subthalamus

question

Epithalamus is located where?

answer

Superior to midbrain tectum

question

What 2 structures does the epithalamus contain?

answer

1. Pineal Gland 2. Posterior commisure

question

Another name for the pineal gland

answer

Epiphysis cerebri

question

What does the pineal gland do with age? WHat is this called?

answer

It calcifies and it is called brain sand

question

The roof of the midbrain is called what?

answer

Tectum

question

Cerebral peduncles contain 3 things

answer

1. Tegmentum 2. Substantia nigra 3. Crus cerebri

question

Smalles cranial nerve that originates from midbrain

answer

Trochlear (IV)

question

4 unique characteristics of cranial nerve IV

answer

1. Smallest 2. Nearest to dorsal midline in origin 3. Crosses over on its way out 4. Runs longest distance in cranial vault

question

Apparent origin of CN III is where? Actual origin?

answer

Ventral from interpeduncular fossa. Periaqueductual gray matter

question

The ___ is the most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebrum. All sensation except what?

answer

1. Diencephalon 2. Olfaction

question

The tectum is ___ to the aquaduct of Sylvius?

answer

Posterior

question

Tectum is made of a quadrigeminal plate made up of 4 what?

answer

Collicular bodies ( supperior and inferior collicular pair)

question

Gray matter surrounding the aquaduct of sylvius contains nuclei for which two CNs?

answer

III and IV Endorphins and enkephalins

question

Cerebral peduncles are ___ to cerebral aquaduct?

answer

Ventral

question

Posterior commissure is responsible for what reflexes?

answer

Pupillary light reflexes

question

The subcommissural organ produces what?

answer

Aldosterone

question

Largest nuclei in the CNS?

answer

Thalamus

question

Included with the thalamus are two bodies? These are classified seperately as the what?

answer

1. Lateral and medial geniculate bodies 2. Metathalamus

question

Thalamus mean what? It is a single structure composed of 2 large gray masses. These are joined together by the ____ (or ____)

answer

1.Couch 2. Massa Intermedia 3. Interthalamic Adhesion

question

The thalamus forms the lateral wall of what?

answer

Third ventricle

question

Lateral to each thalamic mass is what?

answer

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

question

ALl sensory input to the cerebral cortex except ____ is relayed or intergrated in the ___

answer

1. Olfaction 2. Thalamus

question

Thalamus, along with reticular formations helps to do what? (most important function)

answer

Helps focus attention of the cortex temporarily making areas more receptive than others... concentration!!

question

Some apreciation of ___ and ___ are interpreted at the thalamic levels. Something else is needed for complete integration what is it?

answer

1. Pain and thermal 2. Higher centers (post central gyrus)

question

Myelinated fibers that runs through the substance of each thalamis mass which divide them into subdivisions

answer

Internal medullary lamina

question

VPL = ?

answer

Ventral Posterior Lateral nucleus

question

What does the MI mean and what does it do?

answer

1. Massa Intermedia 2. Divides thalamus into left and right thalamic masses

question

Largest part of the thalamus found only in the highest primates?

answer

Pulvinar

question

The hypothalamus forms what? (walls)

answer

Floor and portions of lateral walls of 3rd ventricle

question

Does the hypothalamus work under it's own influence?

answer

No, influenced by others

question

The hypothalamus has vague control over what?

answer

1. Hunger 2. Thirst 3. Sex

question

Hypothalamus controls physiocal aspects of what?

answer

Emotional expression

question

Which area of the hypothalamus controls sympathetic function?

answer

Posterior nuclei and mamalary bodies

question

Parasympathetic control of hypothalamus?

answer

1. Increases digestive motility 2. Decreases heart rate 3. Constriction of pupils

question

Sympathetic control of hypothalamus?

answer

1. Increases heart rate and vasocontriction 2. Decreases digestive motility 3. Pupil dialation 4. Piloerection 5. Sweat gland secretion

question

Endocrine control from hypothalamus? Directly? Indirectly?

answer

1. Directly via neuron axons into posterior pituitary 2. Indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones

question

Nuclei associate with the anterior area of hypothalamus?

answer

1. Supraoptic 2. Paraventricular 3. Suprachiasmatic 4. Anterior 5. Preoptic

question

These nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via the supraopticohypophyseal tract

answer

Surpraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

question

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei terminate where? WHat 2 hormones do they release?

answer

1. Posterior pituitary 2. Oxytocin and ADH

question

Nucelus responsible for circadian cycles? Which gland is it complexly connected to?

answer

1. Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) 2. Pineal Gland

question

Nuceli responsible for thermoregulation especially when the body heats up.

answer

Preoptic nuclei

question

Nuclei known for parasympathetic function

answer

Anterior nuclei

question

Nuclei associated with the intermediate area of hypothalamus

answer

1. Dorsomedial nuclei 2. Ventromedial nuclei 3. Arcuate nuclei 4. Tuber cinereum

question

Nuclei that controls parasympathetics of the GI tract

answer

Dorsomedial nuclei

question

Nuclei responsible for satiety or fullness?

answer

Ventromedial nuclei

question

Nuclei that contributes to the tuberoinfundibular tract. Unlike other tracts that descend to the pituitary this group of axons does what?

answer

1. Arcuate nuclei 2. Terminates and secrete their neurohormones into perivascular spaces of infundibular stalk

question

Term used to describe the underlying undulating bulge between infundibular stalk and mammilary bodies

answer

Tuber Cinereum

question

The posterior area of the hypothalamus includes what nuclei?

answer

1. Mammilary bodies 2. Posterior nuclei

question

Nucleu important for short term memory

answer

Mammilary bodies

question

A nuclei that is a thermoregulator: especially as the body cools down, stimulating shivering.

answer

Posterior nuclei

question

The ___ area of the hypothalamus is knows for diverse sympathetic actions.

answer

Posterior

question

General name applied to tracts going from the hypothalamus to the stalk or pituitary gland

answer

Hypothalamohypophyseal tracts

question

WHich tract releases releasing factor hormones?

answer

Tuberuinfundibular tract

question

The posterior pituitary AKA what? Develops from what?

answer

1. Pars nervosa 2. Neurohypophysis

question

The anterior pituitary, AKA ___, and the intermediate pituitary are made from what?

answer

1. Adenohypophysis 2. Rathke's pouch

question

Where does the posterior pituitary receive its influence?

answer

It receives its influence directly from neurons that go down into it. Which neurons? 1. Paraventricular 2. Supraoptic 3. Tuberinfundibular tracts

question

WHere does the anterior pituitary receive its influence?

answer

Directly from the blood stream

question

Located just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus?

answer

Subthalamus

question

3 nuclei associated with the subthalamus

answer

1. Parvocellular region of red nucleus 2. SUperior portion of substantia nigra 3. Subthalamic nuclei (corpus luysi)

question

Subthalamis nuclei, AKA what? Is it part of pyramidal or extrapyramidal system?

answer

1. Corpus Luysi 2. Extrapyramidal

question

Subthalamic nuclei sends and receives fibers to and from the ___ and the ___ form the telencephalon

answer

Globus and pallidus

question

Lesion of the subthalamis nuclei may cause what?

answer

Ballism or hemiballism

question

What is ballism or hemiballism?

answer

Forcefull flinging movements of shoulders and or hips

question

Right and left telencephalon is __ the same __ diffrent

answer

1. Anatomically the same 2. Functionally diffrent

question

Cerebral cortex AKA what?

answer

Pallium

question

An underlying mass of white fibers in the telencephalon

answer

Centrum semiovale

question

Deep within the white matter are collections of neuron cell bodies called what?

answer

Basal ganglia

question

Largest lobe? Smallest lobe?

answer

1. Frontal lobe 2. Occipital lobe

question

General function of telencephelon?

answer

1. Final intergration of neural mechs 2. Initiation of voluntary mouvements 3. Memory and associative memory 4. Abstract thinking

question

Most abstract thinking is centered in the prefrontal region. Which areas in particular?

answer

1. Brodmann areas 9-12 2. Parietal lobes

question

Total surface area of diencephelon. Two thirds of this area is found where?

answer

1. 2.5 square feet 2. Down in the sulci

question

Thickness of the pallium?

answer

1.5 to 4.5 mm

question

What is thicker: the gyrus cortex or the sulcus cortex?

answer

Gyrus cortex

question

The total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex

answer

100 billion

question

The neocortex, AKA ___, occupies what percent of the cerebral cortex?

answer

1. Isocortex 2. 90%

question

Two ancient parts that occupy 10 % of total cerebral cortex

answer

Allocortex

question

6 common laminae of the cerebral cortex (external to internal)

answer

1. Molecular Lamina 1 2. External granular 2 3. External pyramidal lamina 3 4. Internal granular 4 5. Internal pyramidal 5 6. Multiform (fusiform) lamina 6

question

Lamina 1

answer

Molecular or Plexiform

question

Lamina 2

answer

External granular

question

Lamina 3

answer

External pyramidal

question

Lamina 4

answer

Internal granular

question

Lamina 5

answer

Internal pyramidal

question

Lamina 6

answer

Multiform or Fusiform

question

Lamina located in the centrum semiovale

answer

6

question

Outer most lamina and nearest to the pia mater?

answer

Molecular lamina 1

question

Lamina 1 is filled with what?

answer

Synaptic activity

question

Small, closely packed granular neurons. Axons extend into deeper lamina of the same cortex area.

answer

Lamina 2 : external granular layer

question

Sometimes calles the intracortical association area.

answer

Lamina 2 : external granular layer

question

Lamina with small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies

answer

Lamina 3 : External pyramidal layer

question

In lamina III, axons extend out of the cortex to the ___ and then returns to gray matter of same hemisphere.

answer

White matter

question

Intercortical association layer

answer

Lamina III: external pyramidal layer

question

Two lamina called the associative lamina

answer

External granular and external pyramidal

question

Specific thalamic inputs arive here in this lamina

answer

Lamina IV: Internal granular layer

question

Lamina IV is well developed in ___ areas

answer

Sensory areas

question

Contains large pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies even the giant betz cells

answer

Lamina V : Internal pyramidal layer

question

Axons project to other brain and cord centers (corticobulbar, corticospinal)

answer

Lamina V : Internal pyramidal layer

question

Layer that has quite a mixture of incoming and outgoing fibers

answer

Lamina 6 : Multiform layer

question

These 2 lamina are sometimes called the projection lamina

answer

5 and 6

question

2 lamina where our great thinking capeabilities take place

answer

2 and 3

question

What is alexia?

answer

Deficiency of reading ( number 39 lesion)

question

What is agraphia?

answer

Deficiency of writting ( number 39 lesion)

question

Area confined to the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

answer

Area 4

question

No other area provides more fibers to the pyramidal system. It functions to initiate voluntary movements, epecially of the distal extermities, facial and oral musculature

answer

Brodmann area 4

question

Giant betz cells reside in this area only

answer

Area 4

question

The cortex of broadmann area 4 has well developed which laminas?

answer

5 and 6

question

Intertwined along the complex post cental gyrus of the parietal lobe is what?

answer

Broadmann areas 1, 2 and 3

question

What is the function of area 1, 2 and 3?

answer

Somesthetic input. Pain, thermal, deep touch, light touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input

question

Areas 1, 2 and 3 have well developed efferents from ____ and ____. Three lamina are also well developed.

answer

1. VPL and VPM 2. IV, V, VI

question

Since areas 1, 2 and 3 have a well developed lamina V and VI, it also contributes to what kind of fibers?

answer

Pyramidal fibers: voluntary motor initiation

question

Two areas located just in front of area 4 and are somtimes called the premotor regions

answer

Broadmann area 6 and 8

question

Area 6 is best known for what?

answer

Influence on the proximal portions of our extremities (4 is our distal portion of extremities)

question

Areas 6 and 8 are also motor intitiation centers. They also contribute fibers to what?

answer

Pyramidals

question

Brodmann area 8 does what?

answer

Initiates voluntary movement of the eyes

question

Area number 8 stimulates upper or lower motor neurons? Which CNs are effected?

answer

1. Lower motor neurons 2. III, IV and VI

question

Areas 9, 10, 11 and 12 are responsible for what?

answer

1. Thought elaboration 2. abstract reasoning 3. imagination 4. emotions

question

Which two lamina are well developped in areas 9, 10, 11 and we?

answer

II and III

question

Lamina II and III are called what?

answer

Associative cortex

question

Broca's speech area is which broadmann's area?

answer

44

question

Afferent fibers stream into BrocaMs from these two lobes

answer

Parietal and temporal

question

Broadmann's area 44 directs neurons from which other area?

answer

Area 4 (works on face and oral musculature) Thse two areas work together to form speech

question

Loss of power to communicate through writting, speaking or signing.

answer

Aphasia

question

Lesions in Broca's area may result in a condition called what?

answer

Motor aphasia

question

Partial loss in the ability to communicate?

answer

Dysphasia

question

What side of the brain is speech dominant in?

answer

Left

question

The visual cortext constitutes which brodmann areas? Where is it located?

answer

17, 18, 19, occipital lobe

question

Which area lies within the calcarine sulcus and is the primary visual cortex? Where does it receive its input?

answer

Area 17, lateral geniculate body

question

Area 17 had a white band running through lamina ___. Another name for area 17 is what?

answer

1. IV 2. Striate cortex

question

Area 18 and 19 functions

answer

Memory storage for visual sensation

question

What may a lesion in broadmann's area 18 and 19 lead to?

answer

An inability to correlate present images with past experiences : prosopagnosia

question

Broadmann's area known for the primary auditory cortex. Where is it located? ... It's in the superior temporal gyrus in an area called what?

answer

1. Area 41 2. Heschl'a area

question

An area that surrounds area 41 and extends nearly into the pareital lobe. It is known as wernicke's area.

answer

Broadmann area 22

question

Function of Wernicke's area

answer

1. Formation of written word 2. Underlying structure of an utterance (also involves in hearing memory)

question

A leasion in Wernicke's area could result in a diffrent manifestation of what?

answer

Dysphasia

question

Broadmann's areas that synthesize memory and sensation into creative function such as reading, writting and language in general

answer

5, 7, 39, 40

question

Areas 5, 7, 39 and 40 are found in what lobe?

answer

Parietal

question

Lesions in area 39 (angular gyrus) may result in what dysfunctions?

answer

1. Alexia (reading) 2. Agraphia (writting)

question

Area thought ot be a gustatory center

answer

43

question

Two brodmann areas assoicated with olfaction

answer

34 and 28. Located in the uncus and parahippacampal gyrus respectively

question

Basal ganglia: Deep nuclei

answer

1. Caudate nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus pallidus 4. Amygdaloid

question

Putamen and globus pallidus together are called what?

answer

Lenticular nucleus

question

The caudate and the putamen nuclei are located in the what?

answer

Neostriatum

question

Three nuclei in the corpus striatum

answer

1. Caudate 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus

question

Striatal lesions normally lead to what?

answer

Dyskinesia : muscle tone disturbances

question

Three examples of striatal lesions

answer

1. Tremor 2. Chorea 3. Ballism

question

In huntington's chorea, the striatum begins to deteriorate and produces a deficiency of what neurotransmitter?

answer

GABA

question

Ballism, can be the result of lesions in the subthalamic nuclei as well as the what?

answer

Globus pallidus

question

Which 2 nuclei make up the neostriatum?

answer

Caudate and Putamen

question

Nuclei of the corpus striatum play a mojor role in regulating what?

answer

Movement

question

The caudate is continuous with which other nuclei by gray matter bridges?

answer

Putamen

question

Afferent fibers come into the caudate from where?

answer

1. All lobes of the cortex 2. Thalamus 3. Substantia nigra 4. Putamen

question

Efferent fibers come out of the caudate to go where?

answer

1. Putamen 2. Globus Pallidus 3. Substantia Nigra 4. Thalamus

question

Most lateral aspect of the corpus striatal nuclei

answer

Putamen nuclei

question

Afferents of putamen nuclei?

answer

Same as caudate, including caudate

question

The nigrostriatal arch, an afferent fiber of the putamen, contains what?

answer

Dopamine

question

Two nuclei that are dysfinctional in parkinsons disease?

answer

Putamen and Caudate

question

Efferents of putamen nuclei

answer

Same as caudate

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