Clinical Chemistry Exam 1 Lecture 3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Amino Acids are the building blocks of ... |
answer
| proteins and nonprotein nitrogen compounds |
question
| What do Amino Acids Regulate? |
answer
| Growth Repair Maintenance of all cells |
question
| Structure of Amino Acid |
answer
| Amino Group (NH2) Carboxyl Group (COOH) Side Chain (R) |
question
| Source of Amino Acids: ____ synthesized in sufficient quantities ____ "essential" |
answer
| 11 9 |
question
| Where must the 9 essential AAs be supplied from? |
answer
| Dietary proteins |
question
| Body Pool of Amino Acids |
answer
| Diet Newly synthesized Those released from protein breakdown |
question
| Aminoacidopathies |
answer
| Rare, inherited "inborn errors" of amino acid metabolism |
question
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
answer
| Phenylalanine accumulates |
question
| What illnesses are associated with PKU? |
answer
| Mental disabilities Seizures Behavioral Problems |
question
| What should you treat PKU with? |
answer
| Restrictive Diet |
question
| What is the statistics with PKU? |
answer
| 1:10,000-15,000 |
question
| What odor in the urine is associated with PKU? |
answer
| Musty |
question
| Does Arkansas require PKU to be screen in newborns? |
answer
| Yes |
question
| Tyrosinemia |
answer
| 3 types ranging in mild to severe Temporary in some preemies |
question
| What is the statistics on Tyrosinemia? |
answer
| 1:100,000 |
question
| What are the 5 illnesses associated with Tyrosinemia? |
answer
| Failure to thrive, mental defects, vision problems, liver & kidney failure |
question
| Alkaptonuria |
answer
| Homogentistic acid Urine darkens upon exposure to air |
question
| What are the 4 illnesses associated with Alkaptonuria? |
answer
| Arthritis Heart Problems Kidney stones in mid-30s Skin pigmentation |
question
| What is the statistics on Alkaptonuria? |
answer
| 1:250,000 |
question
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease |
answer
| Sweet odor or urine and breath |
question
| What are the 3 substances associated with Maple Syrup Urine Disease? |
answer
| Leucine Isoleucine Valine |
question
| What are the 4 illnesses associated with MSUD |
answer
| Failure to thrive, seizures, coma, death |
question
| What is the statistics on MSUD? |
answer
| 1:185,000 |
question
| What are the 3 illnesses associated with Homocystinuria |
answer
| Nearsightedness Abnormal blood clotting Brittle Bones |
question
| What are the 2 less common illnesses associated with Homocystinuria? |
answer
| Mental defects Abnormal growth |
question
| What is the Statistics on Homocystinuria? |
answer
| 1:200,000 |
question
| What is the statistics on Cystinuria? |
answer
| 1:10,000 |
question
| What are the 3 illnesses associated with Cystinuria? |
answer
| Defect in reabsorption/transport system Kidney stones at a young age Recurring UTIs |
question
| Albinism |
answer
| 4 types. Lack of melanin in skin, hair, and eyes. Photosensitivity and astigmatism. |
question
| What are people with Albinism at an increased risk for? |
answer
| Melanoma |
question
| What is the statistic on Albinism? |
answer
| 1:20,000 |
question
| Proteins are found in all ____, ____, ____, and _____ |
answer
| Cells Fluids Secretions Excretions |
question
| What is the composition of proteins? |
answer
| 16% Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Sulfur |
question
| Linked amino acids create what kind of bond? |
answer
| Peptide |
question
| Most average 200-300 amino acids to form a ______ ______ |
answer
| polypeptide chain |
question
| Primary Structure of Proteins |
answer
| The specific sequence of amino acids; |
question
| Secondary Structure of Proteins |
answer
| Chains coil creating pleated sheets or helix |
question
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins |
answer
| When helix folds to create 3 dimensional structure |
question
| Quaternary Structure of Proteins |
answer
| When 2 or more polypeptide chains join to form a larger protein |
question
| What does the Primary structure of Proteins determine? |
answer
| The function of the protein |
question
| What is an example of a Quaternary structure? |
answer
| Hemoglobin |
question
| Conjugated Protein |
answer
| Protein + Nonprotein group |
question
| Conjugated Protein: Lipid + Protein = Heme + Globin = |
answer
| Lipoprotein Hemoglobin |
question
| True or False: Proteins are constantly synthesized and degraded |
answer
| True |
question
| Metabolism/Catabolism of Proteins is often associated with which organs? |
answer
| Liver Lymph nodes Spleen |
question
| Nitrogen Balance = |
answer
| Intake/Synthesis - Degradation/excretion |
question
| Disintegration of proteins occurs where? |
answer
| GI tract Kidneys Liver |
question
| Proteins break down to amino acids which can then be ___, ____, or _______ (____ ___ ) |
answer
| Recycled Re-used Re-purposed (Kreb's Cycle) |
question
| The products of Amino Acids being broken down are? |
answer
| Ammonia Energy CO2 H20 |
question
| Liver converts ammonia into ______ which is excreted into urine |
answer
| urea |
question
| All of the following are considered what? Hormone receptors pH buffers Water balance Osmotic pressure Transporters of small molecules Energy and nutritional source for tissues (12-20%) Structural role (collagen) Enzyme catalysts Protective role (immunoglobulins) Clotting factors Muscle contractions |
answer
| Functions of Proteins |
question
| What will cause decreased protein levels? |
answer
| Burns, wounds, blood loss Malnutrition or starvation Liver disease Renal disease Malabsorption/GI Disease |
question
| What will cause increased protein levels? |
answer
| Dehydration Chronic inflammation or infection Hemolysis (false +) |
question
| What 2 diseases are associated with increased protein levels? |
answer
| MM & Waldenstrom's |
question
| Denaturation |
answer
| When the structure is disturbed, the protein's function is lost |
question
| What causes Denaturation? |
answer
| Heat Repeated freeze-thaw cycles pH extremes UV light Chemicals, detergents |
question
| What can cause a falsely elevated protein level? |
answer
| Hemolysis |
question
| Where are most proteins synthesized? |
answer
| Liver |
question
| Where are the immunoglobulins synthesized? |
answer
| Lymph Nodes/Spleen |
