Clep- Intro to Sociology – Flashcards
217 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 217question
Metaphysical stage of scientific development
answer
abstract, human nature
Unlock the answer
question
Positive stage of scientific development
answer
pinnacle of social development, society governed by reliable knowledge and understood by facts. (When people can predict and change their own destinies.)
Unlock the answer
question
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)
answer
observed English social patterns.
Unlock the answer
question
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
answer
"the theoretical giant of communist thought: whose prophecies are still hotly debated.
Unlock the answer
question
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
answer
society follows a natural evolutionary progression toward something better.
Unlock the answer
question
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
answer
statistical study of suicide
Unlock the answer
question
Max Weber (1864-1920)
answer
sought to explain the origins of capitalism. And developed the method of verstehen.
Unlock the answer
question
Lester Ward & William Graham Sumner
answer
caused American sociology to experience a loss of interest in the larger problems of social order and change, focusing on specific problems.
Unlock the answer
question
George Herbert Mead
answer
originated the field of social psychology.
Unlock the answer
question
Robert Park & Ernest Burgess
answer
were concentrating on the city and on such social problems as crime, drug addiction, prostitution, and juvenile delinquency.
Unlock the answer
question
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
answer
advocated grand theory.
Unlock the answer
question
Grand theory
answer
based on aspects of the real world forming a conception of society as a stable system of interrelated parts.
Unlock the answer
question
Robert Merton (1910-2003)
answer
proposed building middle range theories from a limited number of assumptions from which hypotheses are derived. -also distinguished between intended and unintended consequences of existing elements of social structure which are either functional or dysfunctional.
Unlock the answer
question
Deductive theory
answer
general ideas used to form logical, testable theories.
Unlock the answer
question
Inductive theory
answer
using concrete observations to form general conclusions through a process of reasoning.
Unlock the answer
question
Interpretive Sociology
answer
whereby humans attach meaning to their lives and shape their actions based upon both the real and anticipated responses of others.
Unlock the answer
question
Symbolic interaction
answer
human beings shape their world and are shaped by social interaction.
Unlock the answer
question
Dramaturgy
answer
humans play roles to present a certain image of ourselves, manipulate our audience, protect/hide ourselves, and amplify the rules of conduct that circumscribe our daily encounters.
Unlock the answer
question
Conflict paradigm
answer
views society as being characterized by conflict and inequality. (Whose interests are expressed, and who benefits/suffers from social arrangements).
Unlock the answer
question
Functionalism
answer
each part of a society serves a function necessary for the survival of the system as a whole.
Unlock the answer
question
Quantitative methods
answer
use statistical and mathematical techniques of measurement to describe and interpret observations.
Unlock the answer
question
Qualitative methods
answer
relying on personal observation and description to explain behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
Verstehen
answer
using empathic understanding to characterize and interpret human behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
Survey method
answer
subjects are asked about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior, such as how they have behaved in the past or how they intend to behave in the future, in a series of questions.
Unlock the answer
question
Independent variable
answer
influencer (cause)
Unlock the answer
question
Dependent variable
answer
influencee (effect)
Unlock the answer
question
Correlational control
answer
doesn't cause change in another variable, and causal does.
Unlock the answer
question
Systematic sampling
answer
i.e. every 50th person in the phone book is selected, thus assuring everyone in the in the population is guaranteed the same chance of being selected for study.
Unlock the answer
question
Stratified sampling
answer
uses the differences that already exist in a population, such as between males and females, as the basis for selecting a sample. (f/m = % in the given population)
Unlock the answer
question
Hawthorne Effect
answer
the very presence of a researcher affects the subject's behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
Unobtrusive observation
answer
observation from a distance.
Unlock the answer
question
Participant observation
answer
aka field research, researcher is part of the group he/she is studying.
Unlock the answer
question
Secondary analysis
answer
using information gained from past recorded experiments. (like official government statistics)
Unlock the answer
question
Content Analysis
answer
the study of recorded human communication such as books, paintings, and laws.
Unlock the answer
question
Stages of research
answer
ID the problem, research, hypothesis, test, conclusion.
Unlock the answer
question
Ethical problems
answer
harm subjects? Privacy? Right to be informed that they are being studied? Consent? How research is used? When is deception justified?
Unlock the answer
question
Socialization
answer
process in which we learn to be members of society and develop a personality.
Unlock the answer
question
Primary socialization
answer
initial socialization that a child receives.
Unlock the answer
question
Secondary socialization
answer
an additional socialization experience into a new sector of society by an already socialized person.
Unlock the answer
question
Resocialization
answer
discarding previous behaviors for new ones as part of a transition in life. (becoming a parent, for example)
Unlock the answer
question
Total institution
answer
a complete break from the past to allow for the rebuilding of personality and the learning of norms and values of a new, unfamiliar social environment. (prisons, mental hospitals & the military)
Unlock the answer
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
founder of psychoanalysis, and considered biological needs as the human drive; socialization and repression forms personality (ego, superego, id).
Unlock the answer
question
Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1924)
answer
self-concept, formed in childhood is reevaluated and adjusted every time the person enters a new social situation. See Looking-Glass-Self. also distinguished between promary and secondary groups.
Unlock the answer
question
Looking-Glass-Self
answer
self-conception based on other's reactions. (Cooley)
Unlock the answer
question
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
answer
theory of the genesis of the mind and self. The outcome of socialization is the ability to anticipate the reactions of others and to adjust our behavior accordingly.
Unlock the answer
question
theory of the genesis of the mind and self
answer
a single act as a part of a larger social act or communication. "Me"=ID, "I"= ego.
Unlock the answer
question
Erving Goffman (1922-1983)
answer
the self as a reflection of others. See Role-Distance.
Unlock the answer
question
Role-Distance
answer
the gap between the ID and the ego.
Unlock the answer
question
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
answer
cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
Unlock the answer
question
Cognitive Development
answer
describes the changes that occur over time in the ways children think, understand, and evaluate a situation.
Unlock the answer
question
Sensorimotor stage
answer
infants are unable to differentiate themselves from their environment.
Unlock the answer
question
Preoperational stage
answer
the child begins to use language and other symbols, and learn to differentiate reality from fantasy.
Unlock the answer
question
Concrete operational stage
answer
logic, cause and effect, attaching meaning or significance to an event.
Unlock the answer
question
Formal operation stage
answer
the child develops the capacity for thinking in highly abstract terms of metaphors and hypotheses which may or may not be based in reality.
Unlock the answer
question
Erik Erikson
answer
8 stages of psychosocial development: Nurture, shame, initiative, focus shifts from family to school, ID confusion, relationships, social contribution, and lastly finding meaning at the end of one's life.
Unlock the answer
question
Lawrence Kohlberg
answer
given the proper experience and stimulation, children go through a sequence of six stages of moral reasoning: right & wrong, social order, considerations toward the welfare of the community, the rights of the individual and ethics.
Unlock the answer
question
Carol Gilligan
answer
women have a different (though essentially the same) set of values and judgments of right and wrong. Men asked whether or not it's wrong to steal to save a life in terms of ultimate ends. Women contemplated how it would affect the entire family, the goal being to find the best solution for everyone involved.
Unlock the answer
question
culture is
answer
social heritage of beliefs, customs, skills, traditions, and knowledge that members pass on to one another.
Unlock the answer
question
material culture
answer
consists of things that people attach maning to and use: cars, clothing, books, and burial sites
Unlock the answer
question
Nonmaterial culture
answer
abstract terms for defining, describing, explaining, clarifying....what they do & how they live (languages, ideas, belief systems, rules, customs, politics).
Unlock the answer
question
Culture includes
answer
the tools we use, the rules we live by, the ideals to which we are committed, and the ideas we express.
Unlock the answer
question
Norms
answer
rules whose violation results in some form of punishment.
Unlock the answer
question
Values
answer
represent things of meaning and the ideas that make such things so important to us.
Unlock the answer
question
Folkways
answer
are the usual customes and conventions of everyday life. differs from values in the lack of a moral component) antonym: eccentric.
Unlock the answer
question
Mores
answer
are Norms of such moral & ethical importance as to be punishable by institutionalization.
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural universals
answer
are the basic elements essential to idevidual and collective survival.
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Variability
answer
the variety of things human beings have devised to meet their needs.
Unlock the answer
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.
Unlock the answer
question
Cultural Relativism
answer
refers to scientists' efforts to be objective in their observations by avoiding attaching meaning to observations, only why and how.
Unlock the answer
question
Countercultures
answer
people/cultures whose values, beliefs, and ways of life do not conform to the norm. Characterized by unconventional or eccentric behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
sociocultural evolution
answer
refers to the tendency for society as a system to become more complex over time.
Unlock the answer
question
Horticultural and pastoral societies
answer
use domestic animals and hand tools to cultivate plants for their source of food.
Unlock the answer
question
Agricultural societies
answer
are more complex than horticultural & pastoral societies in the level of technology used to support crops.
Unlock the answer
question
industrial societies
answer
uses complex machinery and energy sources are used for production.
Unlock the answer
question
postindustrial
answer
information is created, processed, and stored.
Unlock the answer
question
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
answer
coined the term "class" in which people are organized in social ranks.
Unlock the answer
question
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
answer
Sociology as a separate science on the grounds that it has both an object (patterned reularities as a group distinct from that of individuals) and a substratum (society as a whole).
Unlock the answer
question
social structure
answer
the way in which people's relatioins in society are arranged to form a network
Unlock the answer
question
Max Weber (1864-1920)
answer
Verstehen; Protestant Catholicism "produced the spirit of the modern form of industrial capitalism.
Unlock the answer
question
structure
answer
composed of positions, roles, groups, and institutions.
Unlock the answer
question
ascribed status
answer
is a label by which a person is identified without choice. (son, widower, american indian...)
Unlock the answer
question
achieved status
answer
by choice, (husband, rock star, english major...)
Unlock the answer
question
Master Status
answer
by which a person is most identified. (its the most important)
Unlock the answer
question
Status set
answer
all the statuses of a person. ie: wife, mother, teacher, coworker)
Unlock the answer
question
roles
answer
expected behavior for a status.
Unlock the answer
question
role strain
answer
conflicting expectations exist for a status. (a teacher being friends with students outside the classroom)
Unlock the answer
question
role conflict
answer
a person with statuses that contradict.
Unlock the answer
question
association
answer
formed of the basis of common interest or agreement.
Unlock the answer
question
communal relationship
answer
is formed on the basis that "they belong together"
Unlock the answer
question
peer group
answer
an association of self-selected equals
Unlock the answer
question
aggregate
answer
people who happen tho be in the same place at the same time
Unlock the answer
question
social category
answer
people with certain characteristics in common
Unlock the answer
question
social group
answer
people interact with one another in an orderly fashion.
Unlock the answer
question
primary group
answer
direct interaction, with intimate warm and personal relationships.
Unlock the answer
question
Secondary groups
answer
interaction is anonymous, impersonal, and short-lived.
Unlock the answer
question
Ferdinand Tonnies (1853-1936)
answer
distinguished between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft.
Unlock the answer
question
gemeinschaft
answer
(community) small communities characterized by tradition and united by common ancestry or geopgraphic proximity.
Unlock the answer
question
Gesellshcaft
answer
(society) contractual relationships of a voluntary nature of limited duration and quality, based on rational self-interest, and formed to achieve a particular goal.
Unlock the answer
question
control variable
answer
held constant
Unlock the answer
question
spurious relationship
answer
variables appear to be related but are actually related to a third vaiable which explains both of them.
Unlock the answer
question
symbolic interatction
answer
society is the result of an individual's interactions
Unlock the answer
question
structural structural functionalist perspective
answer
how society's parts fit together to maintain stability.
Unlock the answer
question
generalized other
answer
Mead's term for thhe cultural norms and values we use as references when evaluating ourselves.
Unlock the answer
question
informal sanction
answer
direct social pressure from those around us to conform.
Unlock the answer
question
formal sanction
answer
pressure to conform that is enforced by a formal institution
Unlock the answer
question
Norms
answer
rules of behavior
Unlock the answer
question
values
answer
ideals and goals.
Unlock the answer
question
mechanical solidarity
answer
Durkheim's term for social bonds that are based on shared moral sentiments.
Unlock the answer
question
organin solidarity
answer
(durkheim) bonds thatunite members of indestrialized nations.
Unlock the answer
question
rigid endogamy
answer
marriage within one's only group.
Unlock the answer
question
caste system
answer
a system of stratification where groups are strictly ranked on the basis of thnic group.
Unlock the answer
question
class system
answer
based on achievement
Unlock the answer
question
closed systems
answer
have clear, rigid, and impermeable boundaries between classes.
Unlock the answer
question
Normative theory of prejudice
answer
states that individuals become prejudiced when such attitudes are so ingrained in their society's norms and values that they get passed on from generation to generation without question.
Unlock the answer
question
power=conflict theory of prejudice
answer
focuses on the power dynamics between those who are prejudiced and those who are against prejudice.
Unlock the answer
question
authoritarian-personality theory of prejudice
answer
sees prejudice as stemming from certain personality characteristics.
Unlock the answer
question
gentrificatioin
answer
a rundown section of a city has been repaired and revitalized and das become attractive to a middle class population.
Unlock the answer
question
suburbonization
answer
the movement of people to areas surrounding the urban region.
Unlock the answer
question
George Simmel (1858-1918)
answer
distinguished between dyad & triad
Unlock the answer
question
dyad
answer
marriage; duo
Unlock the answer
question
triad
answer
addition to the dyad (mediator: a baby; nonpartisan: a judge)
Unlock the answer
question
J.L. Moreno
answer
developed sociometry (who is interacting with whom)
Unlock the answer
question
Interaction process
answer
the ways role partners agree on goals, negociate reaching them & distribute resources.
Unlock the answer
question
reference groups
answer
include people that provide standards by which we judge ourselves
Unlock the answer
question
group conformity
answer
individual compliance with group goals.
Unlock the answer
question
group think
answer
members begin to think simalarly and develop a narrow view
Unlock the answer
question
instrumental leaders
answer
task-oriented
Unlock the answer
question
expressive leaders
answer
emotional support
Unlock the answer
question
laissez-faire leadership
answer
Lazy boss who does nothing.
Unlock the answer
question
organization
answer
membership is either limited or closed to outsiders.
Unlock the answer
question
formal organization
answer
characterized by formality, hierarchy, large size, and complex division of labor.
Unlock the answer
question
Bureaucracy
answer
a rationally designed organizational model whose goal it is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible.
Unlock the answer
question
characteristic intitution
answer
kin/clan/siblings now known as a bureaucracy.
Unlock the answer
question
characteristics of a bureaucracy
answer
1) paid officials (main income) 2) officials have privileges 3) seniority rights and salary increases 4) degrees or vocational training 5) responsibilities rigidly defined by the organization 6) separation of funds & files from their personal ones.
Unlock the answer
question
self-rationalization
answer
how an official observes & calculates how he/she must change their personality to meet the 'market's' demand.
Unlock the answer
question
Parkinson's law
answer
(C. Northcote) given too much time for a job will make the job seem much bigger than it is.
Unlock the answer
question
Peter's Principle
answer
employee's are promoted until they reach a position in which they cannot work competantly
Unlock the answer
question
Inon law of Oligarchy
answer
small # of specialists hold sway over the entire organization.
Unlock the answer
question
Deviance
answer
unexpected behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
stigma
answer
a mark of social disgrace
Unlock the answer
question
social control
answer
ensures that people conform to norms.
Unlock the answer
question
Anomic suicide
answer
norms of society are suddenly altered, resulting in confusion (large structural changes)
Unlock the answer
question
Altruistic suicide
answer
individual over-identifies with a group & is willing to die for them.
Unlock the answer
question
egoistic suicide
answer
isolation & weak social ties.
Unlock the answer
question
social stratification
answer
structured inequality (our place among the ranks)
Unlock the answer
question
polyandry
answer
one woman marrying more than one man
Unlock the answer
question
polygamy
answer
one spouce marrying more than one person of the opposite sex.
Unlock the answer
question
exogamy
answer
marriage outside one's ethnic group.
Unlock the answer
question
polygyny
answer
one man with multiple wives.
Unlock the answer
question
cultural transmission theory
answer
crime is learned through cultural norms.
Unlock the answer
question
Strain theory
answer
crime as the result of structural constraints, blocking means for achievement.
Unlock the answer
question
Labeling theory
answer
one is labeled & defined as a criminal
Unlock the answer
question
control theory
answer
everyone deviates.
Unlock the answer
question
sapir-whorf hypothesis
answer
people think through language.
Unlock the answer
question
negative correlation
answer
as one increases the other decreases.
Unlock the answer
question
spurious relationship
answer
explainable by a 3rd variable
Unlock the answer
question
positive correlation
answer
both variables either go up or down.
Unlock the answer
question
pluralist movement
answer
minority groups try to maintain their own distinctive cultural features.
Unlock the answer
question
primary deviance
answer
violates a norm
Unlock the answer
question
secondary deviance
answer
the social response to primary deviance.
Unlock the answer
question
Cesar Laombroso
answer
criminals bore a greater resemblance to apes than non-criminals.
Unlock the answer
question
Wiliam Sheldon
answer
classified people by their body type, psychological state, and criminal behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
the unconscious
answer
where the unpleasant, or perhaps antisocial memories of experience are stored.
Unlock the answer
question
conformist
answer
accepts goals and means offered for attainment.
Unlock the answer
question
the innovator
answer
may continue to accept the goal while seeking new, and illegal revenues for the attainment of these goals.
Unlock the answer
question
the ritualist
answer
bureauscrat who is more concernedwith following the rules and keeping his job than personal achievement.
Unlock the answer
question
the retreat
answer
rejects both means and ends by drug use, mental illness, alcoholism and homelessness.
Unlock the answer
question
the rebelious
answer
reject both by seeking alternatives.
Unlock the answer
question
Edwin Sutherland, theory of diffential association 1939
answer
criminal behavior is learned through social interaction in primary groups.
Unlock the answer
question
nuclear family
answer
made up of extended family members.
Unlock the answer
question
patrilineal/matrilineal
answer
indicates lineage from father or mother.
Unlock the answer
question
serial monogamy
answer
divorce...rmarriage.
Unlock the answer
question
group marriage
answer
more than one of each.
Unlock the answer
question
patrilocality
answer
newlyweds live with the husbands extended family
Unlock the answer
question
matrilocality
answer
newlyweds live with the wife's extended family.
Unlock the answer
question
neolocality
answer
newlyweds live in a new or seperate residence.
Unlock the answer
question
leirate
answer
man must marry his brother's widow or suffer disgrace.
Unlock the answer
question
primogeniture
answer
property goes to eldest son.
Unlock the answer
question
ultimogeniture
answer
property goes to youngest.
Unlock the answer
question
primary sector of economy
answer
involves the extraction of raw materials & resources.
Unlock the answer
question
secondary sector
answer
involves turning the raw materials into manufactured goods.
Unlock the answer
question
tertiary sector
answer
provides services in areas such as health, & education.
Unlock the answer
question
traditional authority
answer
based on sacred customs (blood lines)
Unlock the answer
question
rational-legal authority
answer
elected officials
Unlock the answer
question
charismatic authority
answer
elected officials
Unlock the answer
question
charismatic authority
answer
based on the :extroardinary, uncanny or supernatural powers: or abilities of or associated with a person.
Unlock the answer
question
authoritarian gov
answer
rulers tolerate little of no opposition to their rule.
Unlock the answer
question
Totalitarian
answer
rulers have no limits to their power.
Unlock the answer
question
democratic
answer
authority ultimately lies with the people.
Unlock the answer
question
"The power elite" (1956)
answer
(Mills) consists of military leaders, politians & business leaders (warlords, corporate chieftans & the political directorate) are responsible to no one but themselves.
Unlock the answer
question
David Riesman's pluralist vision
answer
the system of rule is made up of sectors fo power that balance each other.
Unlock the answer
question
religion
answer
linked with ethics, personality, historical condition, & theodicy.
Unlock the answer
question
profane
answer
objects, persons, & behaviors capable of being understood and altered.
Unlock the answer
question
"The Elementary Forms of Religious life" (durkheim)
answer
religion as a means of validation the existance of society.
Unlock the answer
question
cult
answer
small group of followers with a charismatic leader.
Unlock the answer
question
sect
answer
is a cult minus the charismatic leader.
Unlock the answer
question
church
answer
voluntary
Unlock the answer
question
social stratification
answer
structured inequality
Unlock the answer
question
social mobility
answer
ability of a given individual or group to move through social levels.
Unlock the answer
question
relative mobility
answer
when the son's education, occupational prestige, and income exceeds that of his father.
Unlock the answer
question
Davis & Moore
answer
argue that some stratification is necessary. (so that the most able will be in the most demanding positions.)
Unlock the answer
question
collective behavior
answer
short, spontaneous burst without clear goals or longer lasting with goals. (mass hysteria, panic, craze, fad, fashion, and rumor.)
Unlock the answer
question
masses
answer
don't have to be in proximity to each other, just have similar goals.
Unlock the answer
question
audiences
answer
passive crowd
Unlock the answer
question
mob
answer
easily aggrivated into violence
Unlock the answer
question
riot
answer
is larger and longer lasting than a mob, but not as spontaneous.
Unlock the answer
question
propaganda
answer
attempts to change public oppinion
Unlock the answer
question
contagion theory
answer
Gustave Le Bon; a crowd is made up of numerous anonymous individuals, & therefore frees pople of personal responsibility & social restraints.
Unlock the answer
question
convergence theory
answer
when a # of like-minded individuals converge, they are likely to generate a collective action.
Unlock the answer
question
emergent-norm theory
answer
certain individuals construct new norms that are quickly adopted by the collective. (rocks/copycat)
Unlock the answer
question
craze
answer
wanting something because everyone else has it
Unlock the answer
question
fad
answer
short-term obsessions with a behavior that is unexpected and widely copied like streaking.
Unlock the answer
question
fashion
answer
widely held beliefs, styles, and attitudes toward dress, hair, music....
Unlock the answer
