clay's 3rd chance at failing - Flashcards

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Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

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barbiturates

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REM rebound involves the

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tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

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Which of the following animals tend to sleep the least

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giraffes

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Research on susceptibility to hypnosis indicates that

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people who are highly responsive to hypnotic suggestion tend to become absorbed in imaginative activities.

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Exposure to bright light causes the

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pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin.

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THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

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marijuana; hallucinogen

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As adults grow older they tend to

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spend less time in deep sleep.

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One plausible theory suggests that hypnotic pain relief may result from

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selective attention.

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June's correct solution of a novel arithmetic problem was simultaneously facilitated by unconscious inferences and the conscious application of mathematical principles. This best illustrates the value of

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dual processing.

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Corolina was not aware of what her mother was telling her while she was focusing on a phone voice message from a friend. Her experience best illustrates

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the cocktail party effect.

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Boys who tend to be fearless and impulsive at age 6 are

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more likely to smoke and more likely to drink alcohol as teens.

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The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of

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social influence.

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Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

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dreaming

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n one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people

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behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals

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Although many experienced drivers cannot accurately explain how they do it, most know how to turn successfully from a left to a right lane of traffic. This best illustrates the value of

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unconscious processing.

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Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

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stimulates; increasing

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Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called

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selective attention

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Symptoms of drug withdrawal are likely to be

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most severe among those with high levels of drug tolerance.

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When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts less than an hour. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

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methamphetamine

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A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces

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sensitivity to pain.

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When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of

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withdrawal

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When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of

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the circadian rhythm.

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During the course of a full night's sleep, people are most likely to spend more time in

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REM sleep than in NREM-1 sleep

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REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

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our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

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Research on sleep patterns indicates that

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sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.

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Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called

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hallucinations.

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A need to take larger and larger doses of sleeping pills to avoid insomnia indicates

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tolerance.

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Particularly among men, sleep apnea is linked with

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obesity

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The reckless aggressive behavior that may follow alcohol consumption best illustrates that alcohol may act as a(n)

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disinhibitor

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Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

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Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.

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The claim that hypnotic phenomena occur outside our normal awareness is associated with the theory that hypnosis involves

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dissociation

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Smokers with ________ levels of nicotine tolerance are likely to suffer the most severe withdrawal symptoms when they discontinue smoking.

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high

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Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.

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manifest

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Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person

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experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

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Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

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Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.

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Consciousness is

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our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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Participants averaged 12 or more hours of sleep a day for the first few days of unrestricted sleep experiments. They then settled back to 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep a day. The unusually lengthy sleep time of the first few days suggests that participants began these experiments with a

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sleep debt

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is most likely to indicate the presence of

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delta waves

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Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep.

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nrew-3

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Near-death experiences are

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often accompanied by visions of bright lights.

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University men were shown an erotic movie clip. Compared with those who thought they had recently consumed a nonalcoholic beverage, men who believed they had recently consumed an alcoholic beverage were

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more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and less likely to report having feelings of guilt.

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A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called

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dissociation

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Which theory suggests that hypnosis involves inducing someone to enact the role of a hypnotic subject?

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social influence theory

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Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are talking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of

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selective attention

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Our inability to fall asleep early, as we had planned, is most likely a reflection of

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the circadian rhythm.

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Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

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many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.

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Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that

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people are more likely to dream of failure than of success.

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Repeated use of an opiate

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decreases the brain's production of endorphins.

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After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

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have very relaxed muscles.

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Compulsive craving for and use of a drug despite adverse consequences is an indication of

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addiction

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Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ________ that are toxic to neurons.

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free radicals

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When cocaine is snorted, injected, or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria by

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blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters.

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The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was

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behaviorism.

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An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of

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LSD

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REM sleep is

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inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills.

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If highly hypnotizable people are no better than others at simultaneously reading a book and listening to music, this would most clearly challenge

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dissociation theory.

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An official ranking of drugs according to the likelihood of their hooking the user ranked ________ as the most addictive.

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heroin

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Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with

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deep sleep

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A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as

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blindsight

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Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen?

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ecstasy

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The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

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90 min

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Suspiciousness, convulsions, and cardiac arrest are aversive reactions most closely associated with the use of

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cocaine

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According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

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its underlying but censored meaning.

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Females with a history of physical abuse are at ________ risk for substance addiction. Those with a history of eating disorders are at ________ risk for substance addiction.

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ncreased; increased

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Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.

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improving; declining

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The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called

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dual processing

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Compared with adults, children are

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more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.

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Night terrors typically occur

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during NREM-3 sleep.

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A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of an object best illustrates

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parellel processing

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A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called

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insomnia

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With repeated use of most psychoactive drugs, the immediate pleasant effects become ________ and the unpleasant aftereffects become ________.

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less strongly pleasant; more strongly unpleasant

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The pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger

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selective attention

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Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's

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cognitive development.

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Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of

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selective attention.

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Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively

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slow and especially effective for solving new problems.

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The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

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tolerance

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Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called

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inattentional blindness.

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Which of the following has helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related disorders?

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posthypnotic suggestion

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The cocktail party effect provides an example of

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selective attention

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Neural activity that reenacts and promotes recall of prior novel experiences is most closely associated with

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slow-wave sleep

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The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

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NREM-1 sleep.

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Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with

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REM sleep.

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Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep.

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NREM-3

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In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep?

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sleep apnea

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Under the influence of alcohol, angered people are ________ likely to be aggressive than they would otherwise be and restaurant patrons are ________ likely to tip generously than they otherwise would.

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more; more

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When moderately intoxicated by alcohol

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a. an angry person tends to be more aggressive than usual. b. a giving person tends to be more generous than usual. c. a sexually aroused person tends to be more sexually active than usual. d. all of these people tend to behave as stated.

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After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

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he next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

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According to Freud, the dreams of adults can be traced back to

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erotic wishes.

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While reading a novel, Raoul isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates

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selective attention.

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The repeated self-harming consumption of a psychoactive drug is an indication of

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a substance-related disorder.

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Physical pain and intense cravings indicate

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physical dependence.

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Unlike alcohol, the THC in marijuana

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lingers in the body for a week or more.

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During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from

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narcolepsy.

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Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

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REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

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Cocaine is classified as a(n)

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stimulant.

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When deprived of nicotine, smokers experience heightened levels of

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distractablity

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Hypnosis involves a state of

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heightened openness to suggestion.

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With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of teh

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circadian rhythm.

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A specialty area that focuses on the connections between brain activity and mental processes is known as

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cognitive neuroscience.

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Which theory emphasizes that dreams play a role in consolidating the day's experiences in our memories

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information-processing theory

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After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares. One of the benefits of these nightmares is that they help

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extinguish daytime fears.

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If heavy drinking follows a period of moderate drinking, people may poison themselves with an overdose because the moderate drinking

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depresses their vomiting response.

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A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates

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selective attention.

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During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the

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brainstem

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Orne and Evans discovered that unhypnotized research participants asked to pretend they were hypnotized performed the same dangerous acts as hypnotized research participants. This finding is most consistent with

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conscious role playing.

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Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.

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nrem-1

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Which of the following is a psychedelic drug

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lsd

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One of the dangers of using Ecstasy at all-night dances is

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dehydation

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The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from

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rem sleep

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Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input are called

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hallucinogens.

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Circadian rhythm refers to

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a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.

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While soundly asleep people cannot

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earn tape-recorded messages to which they are repeatedly exposed.

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A periodic, natural loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as

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sleep

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Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.

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ncrease; decrease

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Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream.

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latent content

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When asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated

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inattentional blindness.

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Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

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neural activation theory

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Amphetamines ________ appetite and ________ self-confidence.

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decrease; increase

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Women who have been drinking alcohol become ________ disposed to casual sex, and men who have been drinking become ________ disposed to casual sex.

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more; more

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Although unable to report the width of a block in front of her, a woman identified as D. F. could grasp the block with just the right finger-thumb distance. Her experience best illustrates

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blindsight.

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The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

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sleep spindles.

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A visual perception track enables most people to recognize objects at nearly the same time that a visual action track enables them to avoid bumping into the objects. This best illustrates

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dual processing

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As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark, and handsome gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account represents the ________ content of her dream.

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manifest

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Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ________ approach.

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biopsychosocial

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Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.

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psychoactive

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Compared with people who are evening types, those who are morning types tend to perform ________ in school and tend to be ________ vulnerable to depression.

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better; worse

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The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called

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neuroadaptation.

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Even if musically inclined, it is difficult to tap a steady three times with your left hand while tapping four times with your right hand because both tasks require

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conscious attention.

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An air pump that keeps the sleeper's airway open to facilitate regular breathing is often prescribed for serious cases of

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sleep apnea

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Researchers are most likely to question the value of hypnosis for

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enhancing memory.

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Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience

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rem sleep

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dentical twins have more similar sleep patterns than do fraternal twins, and North Americans are averaging less sleep than their counterparts of a century ago. These facts best illustrate that sleep patterns are affected by both

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heredity and environment.

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People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of obesity.

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increased;increased

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Depressants are drugs such as

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barbiturates and opiates.

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Psychoactive drugs influence neurotransmission by stimulating, mimicking, or ________ the activity of neurotransmitters.

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inhibiting

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Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

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rem sleep

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By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.

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nicotine

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People can be hypnotically induced to

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report little pain from placing their arms in an ice bath.

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Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone _______ and decreases levels of the hunger-suppressing hormone ________.

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ghrelin; leptin

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One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system.

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dopamine

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Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

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rem sleep

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The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that

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hypnotized people can endure pain without experiencing emotional distress.

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After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of

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lsd

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Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ________ is to ________.

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sequential processing; parallel processing

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The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to

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feel powerless to overcome the addiction.

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Increased activity in the ________ during REM sleep may best explain why dream images are often accompanied by a strong emotional tone.

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amygdala

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When their attention is focused on a task such as reading, people are less likely to ________ than when their mind is wandering.

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blink their eyes

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Suppose that unhypnotized adults who are encouraged to behave like children act just as genuinely childlike as hypnotized adults who are encouraged to act in a childlike manner. This fact would most clearly support

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social influence theory.

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Prolonged and excessive drinking can shrink the brain most intensely in ________ who have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.

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woman;less

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Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to

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gain social acceptance.

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