CJ chapter 6 – Flashcards
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Durkheim
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crime is a normal and necessary social event, crime is inevitable because of differences in society, crime can signal needs for social change
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stratified society
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social strata created by unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige
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Chicago School
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initiated view that crime and ecological conditions were linked
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culture of poverty
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lower class society forms separate culture with its own values and norms that are in conflict with conventional society; the culture is self-maintaining and ongoing
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at-risk
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lack education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society
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underclass
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worldwide group cut off from society, its members lacking the education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society
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child poverty
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highest rate among age groups (19%), less likely to succeed in school, more likely to have health problems, more likely to drop out of school
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minority group poverty
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25% African Americans 22% Hispanic 8% non-Hispanic whites 11% Asians
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social structure theories
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disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime
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social disorganization theory
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focuses on breakdown of institutions such as the family, school, and employment in inner-city neighborhoods
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strain theory
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sees crime as function of conflict between people's goals and the means available to obtain them
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cultural deviance theory
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sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms
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cultural transmission
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subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next
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MS-13
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some gang
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Shaw and McKay's concentric zones theory
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crime is a product of transitional neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict
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social ecology theory
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conflicts and problems or urban social life and communities, including fear, unemployment, deterioration, and siege mentality, influence crime rates
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Robert Merton
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culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them interact to produce potentially anomic conditions
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anomie theory
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people who adopt the goals of society but lack the means to obtain them seek alternatives, such as crime
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institutional anomie theory
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desire to accumulate wealth and material goods pervades all aspect of American life
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general strain theory
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strain has a variety of sources. strain causes crime in the absence of adequate coping mechanisms
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Miller's focal concern theory
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citizens who obey the street rules of lower-class life (focal concerns) find themselves in conflict with the dominant culture
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Cohen's theory of delinquent gangs
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status frustration of lower-class boys, created by their failure to achieve middle-class success, causes them to join gangs
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Cloward and Ohlin's theory of opportunity
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blockage of conventional opportunities causes lower-class youths to join criminal, conflict, or retreatist gangs
