CJ Bank #4 – Flashcards
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Critics of the American media argue that the news media have a dual obligation to:
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present news that reflects a more balanced picture of the overall crime problem and reduce their presentation of sensational crimes
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Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a (n):
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institution of social contract
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The term jurisdiction means:
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a politically defined geographical area
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After an arrest has been made the suspect is brought to the station to be
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Booked
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A _______ is charging a document specifying that an offense has been committed by a person or persons named or described
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Complaint
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A (n) _______ outlines the formal charge or charges, the law or laws that have been violated, and the evidence to support the charge or charges.
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Information
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A suspect becomes a defendant after
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Charges have been filed
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In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a (n) __________ may be held
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Summary trial
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The purpose of the _______________ for a judge is to determine whether there is probably cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged
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Preliminary hearing
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The primary purpose of the _________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.
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Arraignment
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About how many percent of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them, in an arrangement called plea bargaining?
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90 percent
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Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a
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bench trial
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Because there is a considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice, an accurate definition of American criminal justice may be to call it:
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A non system
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During the middle Ages in Europe, people commonly believed that guilt of innocence could be determined through
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Trial by ordeal
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A typical ________ definition of crime is "behavior that violates the norms of society"
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Social
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A (n) ______ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say or do under given circumstances
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Norm
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A typical ______ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized b the state"
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Legal
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The term ______ refers to criminal conduct - specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm
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Actus Reus
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If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will, he or she committed the crime:
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under duress
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In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ____, and the lower limit is usually ______.
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18, 7
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Crimes that are not officially recorded by the police are called
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The dark figure of crime
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Any record of crimes - such as offenses known to the police, arrests, convictions or commitments to prison - can be considered a _______, or an estimate of crimes committed
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crime index
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The practice of counting only the most serious offense in a multiple-crime event is a feature of the:
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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
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A ______ is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base
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Crime rate
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The _______ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States
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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
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In 1996, The UCR began to include data reported on
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hate crimes
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A (n) ________ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home
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Status offense
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The National Crime Victimization Survey was formerly called:
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The National Crime Surveys
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For many crime victims, ____ is/are the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization
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Fear
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A crime, as noted, is a violation of the ______ of a political jurisdiction.
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Penal Code
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What refers to the scope of criminal law?
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Specificity
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Which refers to the way in which the criminal law should be enforced
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Uniformity
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What refers to the legitimate source of criminal law?
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Politicality
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The criminal law of the U.S., for the most part, is derived from the laws of
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England
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It was the common- plea decisions made by judges in eyre that formed the body of legal precedent that became know as the
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common law
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In case law, the decision becomes a potential basis, or _____, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future
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Precedent
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The principle of using precedents to guide further decisions in court cases is called
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stare decisis
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Most of the procedural, or due process rights, given to criminal suspects or defendants in the U.S. are found in
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The Bill of Rights
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The Supreme Court did not interpret the 14th amendment as incorporating the Bill of Rights until:
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The 1960's
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The ______ protects Americans from "unreasonable searches and seizures"
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Fourth Amendment
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The ____ guarantees a right to a speedy and public trial
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Sixth Amendment
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This amendment states the excessive bail shall not be required
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Eight
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A _____ is written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person
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warrant
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In 1969, The Supreme Court in this case limited the scope of searches incidednt to an arrest
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Chimel v California
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This is more than a gut feeling because it includes the ability to articulate reasons for the suspicion
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Reasonable Suspicion
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This is evidence that outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation
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Preponderance of evidence.
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In jury trials, when does jeopardy attach?
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When the entire jury has been selected and sworn in
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The right to counsel may be waived, but only if waiver is made
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knowingly and intelligently
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In Weems v United States ( 1910), the Court stated three general findings regarding cruel and unusual punishment. To which amendments do these findings apply?
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Eighth
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Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as
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neoclassical theory
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Which theory is base on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from non criminals
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Biological positivism
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The basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments, and the right to punish is
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the social contract
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Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter ______ have been found in impulsive murders and arsonists.
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Serotonin
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The research of the Chicago School was based on a model taken from
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Ecology
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According to Merton, ____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means
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Conformers
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According to Merton, ____ do not actively pursuer the culutural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle of less) but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway.
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Ritualists
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According to Merton, _____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means
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Innovators
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Sutherlands ______ stated that person who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from non-criminal patterns
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Differential association theory
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From the perspective of _____, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so
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social control theory
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What is the commission of crime subsequent to the first criminal act and the acceptance of a criminal label?
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Secondary defiance
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A problem with labeling theory is that it tends to ______ the importance of the official labeling process
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Overemphasize
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What assumes that society is based primarily on disagreements between competeing interest groups- for instance, the righ against the poor, management against labor, whites against minorities
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conflict theory
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Radical theories of crime causation are generally based on the ideas of
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Karl Marx
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What suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime , is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justices?
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Peacemaking Criminology
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What focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?
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Feminist theory
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The vast majority of local American law enforcement agencies are
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Local
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The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in
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England
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The Statute of Winchester formalized the ______ system if protecting.
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constable watch
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According to Peel, the main function of the police was to prevent crime by ____ of the community
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Preventative patrol
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Earlier in American history, two forms of police protection began to evolve - the constable - watch system in the villages, towns and cities, and the _____ in rural areas
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Sheriff
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Early American citizens ______ the formation of the first police departments
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Resisted
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Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force?
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New York
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In the south, the earliest form of policing was
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slave patrols
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One similarity between the slave patrols and constable watch systems was that
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people could hire others to perform their duties for them
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The idea of ______ remains very popular in the south and the west
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self protection
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in 1997, _____ of American local police departments required a high school diploma or higher educational achievement.
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86 percent