CIS Exam 2 – Flashcards
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System Software
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Works weigh end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details
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Operating Systems
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coordinate computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applications
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Utilities
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Perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources
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Device Drivers
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Specialized programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system
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Language Translators
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convert the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process
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Operating Systems
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An operating system is a collection of programs that handle many of the technical details Functions can be classified into 3 groups
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Managing Resources
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Coordinate all the computers resources including memory, processing, storage, and devices such as printers and monitors
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Provide User Interface
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how the user interacts with the computer. Almost all newer operating systems use a GUI
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Running Applications
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Load and run applications such as word processors and spreadsheets. Most operating systems support multitasking or the ability to switch between different applications stored in memory. FOREGROUND v. BACKGROUND
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Booting
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Process of starting up or restarting the operating system
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Warm boot
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occurs when computer is already on
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Cold Boot
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starting computer when it is off
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Desktop
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Place which provides access to computer resources
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Icons
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graphic representations for a program or function
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Pointer
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controlled by a mouse, trackpad or touch screen
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Windows
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Rectangular areas for displaying information and running programs
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Menus
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provide a list of options or commands
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Tab
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divide menus into major activity areas
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Dialog Boxes
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provide information or request input
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Help
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provides online assistance for operating system functions and procedures
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Gesture Control
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Ability to control operations with finger movements such as swiping, sliding, and pinching
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Operating System has 3...
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Categories
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Embedded Operating System
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entirely stored within a device
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Network Operating Systems NOS
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are used to control and coordinate computers that are networked or linked together NOS are typically located on one of the connected computers hard disks, called the network server, this computer coordinates all communication between the other computers EX. Linux, Windows Server, and UNIX
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Stand along Operating Systems also called Desktop Operating Systems
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control a single desktop or laptop computer. Often desktop computers and laptops are part of a network and are referred to as the client operating system
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Software Environment (Platform)
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Almost all application programs are designed to run with a specific software platform
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Mobile Operating Systems
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Mobile OS are less complicated and more specialized (Android, IOS, Windows Phone 8)
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Microsoft Windows
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most widely used OS
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Windows 7
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2009, Traditional UI. improved handwriting recognition and advanced searching capabilites
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Windows 8
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2012, Created to better integrate Microsofts Mobile, Gestures, cloud integration and apps. New UI,
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MAC OS
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use of Mac OS is increasing
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OS X Lion
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2011, introduced Launchpad to display and provide direct access to apps. Mission Control to display all running apps, and gestures
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OS X Mountain Lion
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UI similar to tablets and smartphones. Functionality better then Windows 8
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Unix and Linux
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Originally designed to run on minicomputers in network environments Now usedd by powerful microcomputers and by servers on the Web and mainframe computers
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Virtualization
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the ability to support multiple operating systems on a single physical machine
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Utilities
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Specialized Programs designed to make computing easier
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Troubleshooting or diagnostic programs
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that recognize and correct problems, ideally before they become serious
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Antivirus programs
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guard a computer system against viruses or other damaging programs
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File Compression Programs
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that reduce the size of files so they require less storage space and can be sent most efficiently over the internet
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Disk Cleanup
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trouble-shooting utility that identifies and eliminates nonessential files. Frees up valuable disk space and improves system
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Disk Defragmenter
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a utility program that locates and eliminates unnecessary fragments and rearranges files
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Device Drivers
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A program or driver that is associated with every hardware device on a computer
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Byte
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8 Bits
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ASCII
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is a seven bit coding scheme
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System Board
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motherboard or mainboard
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Sockets
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provide a connection point for small specialized electronic parts called chips
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Chips
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consist of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sand-like material called silicon
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Bus Lines
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provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components that are either located on the system board or attached to the system board
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Slots
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provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards
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Microprocessor
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Central processing unit CPU or processor is contained on a single chip called the microprocessor
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Control Unit
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tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a programs instructions
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Arithmetic-Logic Unit
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called ALU, performs the two types of operations
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Microprocessor Chips
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Chip processing capacticites are expressed in word sizes, word is bits such as 16, 32, 64
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Multicore Chip
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provide two or more separate and independent CPUs thereby allowing a single computer to run two or more operations at the same time
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Parallel Processing
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divide tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core
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Coprocessors
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specialty chips designed to improve specific computing operations
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Graphics Coprocessor
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GPU, specifically designed to handle the processing requirements related to displaying and manipulating 3D graphics images
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RAM
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chips hold the program (sequence of instructions) and data that the CPU is presently processing
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Cache
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memory improves processing by acting as a temporary high-speed holding are between the memory and the CPU
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DIMM
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dual in line memory module. other types of RAM include DRAM SDRMA DDR And direct RDRAM
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ROM
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Read only Memory, chips have information and programs built into them at the factory
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Flash memory
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offers combination of the features or RAM and RAM
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Graphics Cards
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Provide high-quality 3D graph
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Bus Lines
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Provide
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Traditional Keyboards
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full-sized, rigid, rectangular keyboards that include function, navigational, and numeric keys
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Mouse
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controls a pointer that is displayed on the monitor
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Cordless or wireless mouse
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uses radio waves or infrared light waves to communicate with the system unit
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Touch screens
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touching or stylus
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Multitouch screens
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touch with more than one finger which allows for interactions such as rotating graphical objects
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Laptop Keyboards
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are smaller than traditional keyboards and widely used on laptop computers. They typically have fewer keys, do not include a numeric keypad, and do not have a standard location for the function and navigation keys
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Virtual Keyboards
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Displays an image of a keyboard on a touch screen which functions as the actual input device. Virtual keyboards are common on tablet and mobile
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Thumb Keyboards
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used on smartphones and other small mobile devices. Designed primarily for communicating via texting and connecting to the web. very small
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handwriting recognition software
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translates handwritten notes into a form the system unit can process
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Optical Mouse
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no moving parts and most widely used . Emits and senses light to detect movement
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Opitcal Scanner
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accepts documents consisting of text or images and converts them to machine-readable form
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Flatbed
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image to be scanned is placed on a glass surface and the scanner records the image from below
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Document
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can scan multipage documents
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Portable
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hand held device that slides across the image, making direct contact
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MaxiCode
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widely used by UPS and others to automate the process of routing packages
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RFID
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radio frequency identification tags
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RFID
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contain electronically stored information, used to track and locate lost pets, monitor production and update inventory
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Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
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used by banks to automatically read numbers on the bottom of checks and deposit slips
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Optical-Character Recognition (OCR)
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uses special preprinted characters that can be read by a light source and changed into machine-readable code
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Optical-mark recognition (OMR)
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senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as a pencil mark, and is often used to score multiple-choice tests
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Image Capturing Devices
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Digital Cameras, Webcams
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Output
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processed data or information, and typically takes the form of text, graphics, photos, audio, and/or video
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Clarity
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refers to quality and sharpness of the displayed images composed of 5 elements
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Resolution
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Images are formed on a monitor by a series of dots or pixels. resolution is expressed as a matrix of these dots or pixels.
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Size or Active Display Area
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measured by the diagonal length of a monitor's viewing area
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Voice Recogition Systems
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use a microphone, a sound card, and special software. These systems allow users to operate computers and create documents using voice commands
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Aspect Ratio
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indicates the proportional relationship between a display's width and height
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Dot (Pixel) pitch
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the distance between each pixel. Lower the dot pitch (the shorter distance) the clearer the images
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Contrast ratios
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indicate a monitor's ability to display colors. Compares the light intensity of the brightest white to the darkest black, higher ratio = better the monitor
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Aspect Ratio
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Indicates the proportional relationship between a display's width and height
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E-ink
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produces images that reflect light like ordinary paper, making the display easy to read
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Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTS0
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tvs
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Printers
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translates information that has been processed by the system unit and presents the information on paper. Printer output is often called hard copy.
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Resolution
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the clarity of images produced and measured in dpi (dots per inch) The higher the dpi, the better the quality of images produced.
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Ink Jet Printers
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spray ink at high speed onto the surface of paper
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Laser Printers
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Use a light beam to produce images with excellent letter and graphics quality
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Cloud Printers
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printers connected to the Internet that provide printing services to others on the Inter
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Ergonomics
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the study of human factors related to things people use.
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VGA
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Video Graphics Adapter
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Universal Serial Bus
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USB, used to connect several devices to the system unit
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MIDI
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Musical Instrument Digital Interface
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Thermal Printers
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Use heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper
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Plotters
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Special purpose printers for producing maps, images, and architectural and engineering drawings
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Multifunctional Devices (MFD)
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typically combine the capabilities of a scanner, printer, fax and copy machine into one unit
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Clock Speed
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number of times the CPU can fetch and process data or instructions in a second
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DIMM
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Dual in-line memory module- A type of added RAM
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Virtual Memory
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space utilized on a secondary storage device by the operating system while there isn't enough RAM to process all applications
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BIOS
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basic input/output system
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Network interface cards
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NIC also known as network adapter cards
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System Bus
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connects the CPU to memory on the system board
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Expansion Bus
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connects the CPU to other components on the system board
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FireWire Buses
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operate much like USB but more specialized used to connect digital camcorders and video editing equipment
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Port
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a socket for external devices to connect to the system unit (USB, Firewire, Ethernet
