Question 1

which is not a good example of self regulation

Accepted Answer

a child keep track of the number of times he\'s gone to the pencil sharpener in a day

Question 2

which of the following is displaying the extrinsic motivation

Accepted Answer

Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him

Question 3

sam is at the mall with his friends. the others boys are playing video games but sam is just watching. although sam knows that playing video games is fun, he wants to save up his money to buy a computer. its clear then that sam

Accepted Answer

can delay gratification

Question 4

Ms. Smythe keeps Eric after school whenever he swears in class. Even though Eric has been kept after school each day for the past 3 weeks, his swearing has increased rather than decreased. Given what we know about the effects of punishment on behavior. Ms. Smythe should probably conclude that

Accepted Answer

staying after school is reinforcing for Eric

Question 5

which of the following statements best describes vicarious reinforcemeny

Accepted Answer

Watching someone else receive reinforcement for a behavior

Question 6

Three of the following teaching strategies should help children become more self-regulating. Which one will not?

Accepted Answer

Mr. D\'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task.

Question 7

Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.

Question 8

Three of the following concepts reflect some degree of intrinsic motivation. Which one does not?

Accepted Answer

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 9

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

Misha believes he can do well in his chemistry class if he studies hard.

Question 10

Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one?

Accepted Answer

Amy knows she is a good singer.

Question 11

Listed below are four reasons why children might not want to take their schoolwork seriously or to try very hard to succeed at classroom tasks. Which one of these reasons is consistent with the concept of self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

Carol doesn\'t think she has the ability to do the work successfully.

Question 12

In previous years, 11-year-old Polly didn\'t do very well in school because of an undiagnosed hearing impairment that often made it difficult to understand what her teacher and classmates were saying in class. She now wears a hearing aid that enables her to hear human voices normally. Yet even when her sixth-grade teachers are certain she has the ability to complete an assigned classroom task, Polly is reluctant to do it, saying \"I can\'t!\" or simply procrastinating so much that it is impossible to complete the task in the allotted time. Simple efforts to motivate Polly, such as promising her free time to play her favorite video game on the class computer, rarely entice her into trying very hard. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Polly\'s apparent lack of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Polly\'s has a low self-efficacy for accomplishing classroom tasks.

Question 13

Karen often finds the material in her anatomy class confusing and difficult to understand, yet she continues to work hard at mastering it because she knows it will be important for her future career in medicine. If you consider the four steps through which internalized motivation proceeds, then Karen is at least at the ________ step in the process.

Accepted Answer

identification

Question 14

In adolescence, ________ is increasingly replaced by ________ as a basis for choosing activities.

Accepted Answer

intrinsic appeal; future usefulness

Question 15

Three of the following may partly explain why many youngsters have less intrinsic motivation to master school subject matter as they get older. Which one is not a likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

By its very nature, advanced academic subject matter evokes little or no situational interest.

Question 16

Eight-month-old Gabriel reaches for one of his mother\'s long, dangly earrings and gets quite upset when she won\'t let him grab it. Gabriel\'s behavior reflects which one of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

Children\'s behavior is often goal-directed.

Question 17

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that:

Accepted Answer

Children\'s behaviors are affected by the consequences that follow them.

Question 18

Which one of the following is the best example of a youngster with a core goal?

Accepted Answer

Miriam has always tried hard to do well in school.

Question 19

Which one of the following children definitely has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

Accepted Answer

Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things \"tick.\"

Question 20

Which one of the following children clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

Accepted Answer

Bart practices the song he will need to sing in his audition for the school choir.

Question 21

Catalina is talking about her experiences in pottery class. \"At first I had a really hard time getting the clay centered on the wheel. Then I\'d finally get it centered, but the pot would collapse when I tried to pull the walls up. (She laughs.) It was really frustrating, but I just kept practicing over and over. I am doing better now than I did at the beginning of the semester.\" From her comments, it is clear that Catalan has a:

Accepted Answer

Mastery goal

Question 22

Enrique is talking about his experiences in painting class. \"At first I had a hard time keeping the paint from running a lot. But the other kids had trouble too, so I didn\'t feel too bad. Pretty soon I was making some of the best paintings in class. I am better than all of the other boys and most of the girls. The teacher says I am quite talented at painting.\" From his comments, it is clear that Enrique has a:

Accepted Answer

Performance goal

Question 23

Three of the following children have social goals. Which one does not necessarily have a social goal?

Accepted Answer

Robert is eager to learn everything he can about terrorists and their personalities.

Question 24

Sixteen-year-old Denzel is complaining about a lengthy research paper his English teacher has just assigned. \"Honestly, I\'d like to do a good job on this paper. But the timing is the pits. It\'s the beginning of baseball season, and the coach is counting on me to be back-up pitcher, so I really need to practice. I\'m also trying to get my dad\'s old car in shape so I can use it when I get my license next month.\" Denzel\'s comments best reflect which one of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

Youngsters often need to juggle multiple goals.

Question 25

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to an internal factor?

Accepted Answer

Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test. She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

Question 26

In which one of the following situations is a youngster attributing failure to a stable and uncontrollable factor?

Accepted Answer

Kami tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because, like her mom, she just isn\'t any good at math.

Question 27

Virginia is 6 years old. Georgia is 16 years old. Both girls like figure skating, but neither is a very good skater. Given developmental trends in attributions, we can predict that Virginia is more likely than Georgia to believe that:

Accepted Answer

She can become an excellent skater if she continues to work at it.

Question 28

Primary reinforcers are stimuli or events that:

Accepted Answer

Satisfy biologically built-in needs

Question 29

Liam believes that a person\'s ability can increase through hard work and persistence. Liam holds an ________ view of ability.

Accepted Answer

incremental

Question 30

Which one of the following teacher statements reflects an entity view of ability?

Accepted Answer

\"Phoebe is one of the brightest students I know.\"

Question 31

When 14-year-old Valerie discovers that she\'s gotten an A on yesterday\'s assignment, she expresses pride to her teacher and explains that she worked very hard on it. On the way home from school, however, she tells her friends that she didn\'t put much effort into the assignment at all and so was lucky to get a high grade. How can we best explain Valerie\'s conflicting statements?

Accepted Answer

She knows that her teacher values hard work but that her friends do not, and she tailors her attributions accordingly.

Question 32

Which one of the following alternatives best describes differences between children with a mastery orientation and children with learned helplessness?

Accepted Answer

Children with a mastery orientation set high goals and seek challenges. Children with learned helplessness underestimate their ability and set low goals.

Question 33

A student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability is most likely to say which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

\"No matter how much I study words, I can\'t remember how to spell them.\"

Question 34

Which one of the following children is most likely to be attributing something to an internal and uncontrollable factor?

Accepted Answer

Seven-year-old Burt can\'t remember his basic addition facts even though he practices them every night. \"The other kids know them by heart,\" he moans.

Question 35

Students have just done well on what was obviously an easy assignment. If their teacher praises them for their success, they are likely to:

Accepted Answer

Conclude that they have low ability

Question 36

Tim and Sally are seventh graders at a school science fair. They both receive As on their science projects. Considering gender differences in children\'s attributions, how are the two students likely to explain their good grades?

Accepted Answer

Tim will think, \"I got an A because I\'m really good in science.\" Sally will think, \"I got an A because I worked really hard on my project.\"

Question 37

Three of the following statements accurately describe ethnic group differences in motivation. Which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

On average, children in African American families are given more autonomy than children in other ethnic groups.

Question 38

A police officer visits Ms. Duhaime\'s preschool class one morning to talk about safety precautions at home and on the street. The children listen quietly and attentively while the officer speaks. At the end of the visit, the officer and teacher agree that the children\'s good behavior warrants some kind of reinforcement. Given what we know about effective reinforcers at different age levels, their best choice would be:

Accepted Answer

plastic toy police \"badges\" handed out just before the officer leaves

Question 39

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

glass of water

Question 40

Three of the following teaching strategies should promote intrinsic motivation in the classroom. Which one will not?

Accepted Answer

Reminding students how important their grades will be when they apply to college

Question 41

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students?

Accepted Answer

Ms. Benedetti describes events in history so vividly that her students are captivated during the entire lesson.

Question 42

A high school auto mechanics teacher wants to increase his female students\' self-efficacy for mastering simple car maintenance procedures. He can best do this by:

Accepted Answer

Having the students watch other girls successfully change the oil and the air filter`

Question 43

Which one of the following statements is most consistent with the textbook\'s recommendation for describing classroom rules and procedures?

Accepted Answer

\"When you write your compositions, remember that I can read what you\'ve written more easily and can give you more useful feedback if you write clearly.\"

Question 44

Other things being equal, which one of the following goals is most likely to be effective in motivating a 10-year-old to study academic subject matter?

Accepted Answer

Mastering the week\'s spelling words

Question 45

A middle school teacher wants to motivate his students to learn classroom subject matter. Considering the age range of the youngsters in his classes, which one of the following strategies is most likely to be effective?

Accepted Answer

Incorporate small-group work into each week\'s lessons.

Question 46

Eileen is reluctant to go out for the school soccer team. Her parents want to enhance her self-confidence about becoming a successful soccer player. Keeping the concept of attributions in mind, the best thing the parents can say to Eileen is:

Accepted Answer

\"You have some natural athletic ability, and practice will make you even better.\"

Question 47

Three of the following strategies should promote children\'s motivation in the classroom. With the textbook\'s discussion of motivation in mind, choose the strategy that is least likely to motivate youngsters to learn and achieve.

Accepted Answer

Ms. Carmichael says, \"I\'m sorry you didn\'t do well on the exam. Better luck next time.\"

Question 48

Below are four instances of negative feedback. Other things being equal, which statement is most likely to promotehigh self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

\"I know you have the ability to write a better essay than this, Janet. Let me give you some suggestions about what you might do differently next time.\"

Question 49

The four statements below all involve evaluating a student\'s essay. Which one is most likely to preserve the student\'ssense of self-determination?

Accepted Answer

\"In evaluating your essay, let\'s apply the four criteria you and your classmates identified last week for critiquing written work.\"

Question 50

Curtis works hard at school because he knows it will lead to good grades, praise from his mother, and money from his father. It is clear that ________ are effective with Curtis.

Accepted Answer

...

Question 51

Three of the following statements are consistent with the textbook\'s recommendations regarding the effective use of reinforcement to motivate children. Which statement does not reflect the textbook\'s recommendations?

Accepted Answer

Use concrete reinforcers even when children are intrinsically motivated to learn.

Question 52

Which one of the following descriptions best reflects how educators typically define students who are at risk of dropping out of school?

Accepted Answer

Students unlikely to acquire minimum academic skills

Question 53

Three of the following students show warning signs of being at risk. Which student is least likely to be at risk?

Accepted Answer

Barbara is so busy with student government, cheerleading, and varsity sports that her grades have gone from As to Cs and Ds.

Question 54

Three of the following strategies are likely to help students at risk stay in school. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Accepted Answer

Discourage them from participating in extracurricular activities so they can focus on getting their grades up.

Question 55

Fourteen-year-old David rarely turns in his homework and often skips school, and so he is earning Ds and Fs in most of his classes. Yet he expresses his sincere desire to go to college and \"make something of myself.\" This apparent inconsistency between his poor academic performance, on the one hand, and his strong interest in going to college, on the other, can probably best be explained by:

Accepted Answer

Insufficiently developed self-regulation skills

Question 56

Three of the following definitely show self-regulation as psychologists define the term. Which one does not necessarily involve self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Completing an in-class assignment

Question 57

Three of the following statements describe developmental trends in self-regulation that researchers have observed. Which statement is not necessarily consistent with researchers\' findings?

Accepted Answer

Absent-mindedness largely disappears.

Question 58

Fifteen-year-old Aneesh loves building models of antique cars from kits he buys at the local hobby shop. He prides himself on his close attention to detail and meticulous workmanship. Without any assistance or encouragement from his parents, he makes sure to put every piece in its proper location, wipes off any excess glue so that all surfaces are clean and smooth, carefully applies the decals in the exact spots they need to be, and so on. \"I\'m a really careful guy,\" he says, \"and my work reflects on my skill as a model builder.\" If we apply the four steps that characterize internalized motivation to Aneesh\'s self-regulation in model-building, we would say that he is at the ________ step.

Accepted Answer

integration

Question 59

Three of the following homes should promote self-regulation in the children that live there. Which home is least likely to promote self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Twelve-year-old Mark\'s parents let him do whatever he wants as long as he tells them where he\'s going.

Question 60

Tim often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education. He is getting angry with himself regarding his chronic forgetfulness about appropriate footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television at home only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Tim\'s teacher is suggesting that Tim use:

Accepted Answer

Self-reinforcement

Question 61

Good grades are reinforcing to some children but not to others. Someone explaining this fact from an operant conditioning perspective would say that good grades are most likely to be reinforcers to children who:

Accepted Answer

Have previously associated grades with other reinforcers

Question 62

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help children become more self-regulating?

Accepted Answer

When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to give themselves a treat after they complete each one.

Question 63

Several students in Mr. Samber\'s class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is applying which one of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring

Question 64

Bill\'s behaviors in Ms. Kennedy\'s class are really distracting to other students. For example, he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms. Kennedy is giving directions on how to do an assignment. He flings paper clips at a girl across the room. He makes strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing. Ms. Kennedy glares at him or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way, yet his inappropriate behaviors are increasing rather than decreasing. Which one of the following interpretations best explains why Bill\'s behaviors are increasing?

Accepted Answer

Ms. Kennedy is reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.

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