CHM Final UCF – Flashcards
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| Change of State |
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| -no change in bonding -solid to liquid to gas, etc (ice melts, liquid boils) |
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| Bond formation releases/takes energy? |
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| Bond formation = releases energy |
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| Law of Mass Conservation |
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| In a chemical process, mass is neither created nor destroyed (mass of reactants = mass of products) |
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| Chemical Change |
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| -bonds are broken & rearranged -molecular idenity is changed (Na+CL -> NaCl) |
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| Bond breaking releases/takes energy? |
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| Bond breaking = takes energy |
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| Exothermic reaction |
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| releases energy into the environment |
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| Endothermic |
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| Reaction takes in energy from the environment |
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| Electronegativity |
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| The ability of an atom to pull electrons from other atoms. |
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| Covalent Bond |
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| equal share of electrons |
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| Polar Covalent Bond |
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| -unequal sharing of electrons -when atoms that differ significantly in electronegativity share electrons |
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| Ionic Bond |
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| an electron is transferred (electric force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions) -formed between non-metallic & metallic elements |
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| Dipole Moment |
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| a measure of the polarity in a chemical bond or molecule, equal to the product of one charge and the distance between the charges |
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| Polar Bond/Polar molecule |
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| a chemical bond or molecule that has a dipole |
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| For molecules w. B, Si, Ge, & C as the central atom: |
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| -if atoms bonded to central atom are identical = non-polar -if bonded atoms are not identical & at least one is from group 15,16, or 17 = polar molecule |
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| For neutral molecules w. N, P, As, O, S, & Se as central atom: |
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| Polar molecules |
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| Avogadro's Constant |
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| 6.02x10^23 |
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| Molar Mass |
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| grams/mole? |
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| Positive Entropy Change |
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| -going from a solid or liquid or gaseous product -increase # of product molecules vs. # of reactant molecules |
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| Negative Entropy Change |
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| -going from a liquid or gas to a solid product -decrease in # of product molecules |
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| What accepts protons? |
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| Base |
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| What donates protons? |
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| Acids |
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| pH= |
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| -log[H30+] |
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| Amphoteric Substance |
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| substance whose ability to act as an acid is about the same as it's ability to act as a base EX = water |
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| Neralization Reaction |
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| the reaction between an acid & base -strong acid + weak base -weak acid + strong base |
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| What is the oxidation state of S in Na2SO4? |
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| +6 |
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| Allotrope |
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| A structurally differentiated form of an element |
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| Hydrocarbon |
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| simplest organic compound (contains only hydrogen & carbon) |
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| Configuration |
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| specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to each other (configuration = connection) |
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| Conformation |
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| same connectivity, but bonds have been rotated |
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| Hydrocarbon Functional Group |
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| Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, & Butyl |
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| Monomer & Polymer |
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| monomers join together to form a polymer |
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| Addition polymerization |
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| -monomers have double bond -formula mass = sum of monomers -name often ends in -ene (indicating presence of double bond in monomer) |
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| Condensation polymerization |
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| -monomer unit join there is a loss of a small molecule (often water) -formula mass = less than sum of monomers -name of polymer often gives a clue that is formed by a condensation reaction |
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| Vulcanization |
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| disulfide cross-links, stretched w. great tendency to snap back |
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| Heteroatom Functional Groups |
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| =combo of atoms that behave as a singl unit containing at least one atom that is not C or H -add mass -create polar bonds -provide sites for intermolecular interation (hydrogen bonding & reaction) |
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| Carbohydrates |
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| -body converts carbs into glucose =polymers of sugars (glucose) -main energy source -excess is stored as glycogen |
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| Carbohydrate Metabolism |
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| Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. |
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| Glycemic Index |
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| 1.A system that ranks foods on a scale from 1 to 100 based on their effect on blood-sugar levels -HI GI = break down carbs fast -LOW GI = break down carbs & release glucose into bloodstream slowly |
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| Transfats |
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| =fatty acids w/trans double bonds -not recognized b normal processing mechanisms in body -remain in bloodstream longer -more prone to arterial deposit |
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| Fat Metabolism |
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| a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body |
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| Low-Density Lipoproteins |
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| "bad cholesterol" -forms plaque & gets clots |
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| High-Density Lipoproteins |
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| "good cholesterol" |
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| Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
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| -protective of heart health -impede VLSL sythnethis in liver -render LDL particles larger and less sticky -stabilize plaue formations |
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| Problem w/ Partially-Hydrogenated Oils |
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| carbon-carbon double bonds rearrange into "trans" form |
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| Polypeptide |
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| amino acids linked together in a chain forming a protein |
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| Restriction Enzyme |
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| can cut both strands of DNA |
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| Genetic Engineering |
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| -production of human proteins in bacteria In future: treatment for cancer & diseases, trasnplants & graphs from genetically motified animals, help agriculture by shortening time to evolve improved traits, improve productivity & cut time |
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| Polymers of Amindo Acids |
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| Proteins, Enzymes, & Hormones |
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| Scientific Method |
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| Observations, Questions, Hypothesis, Predictions, Tests |
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| Scienfitic Law |
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| Concise summary of data, generalizes specific observations |
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| Sceintific Theory |
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| Explanation of why a Law exists |
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| Confidence grows |
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| based on consistency of observations made by independent groups |
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| Diatomic Molecules |
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| H,N,O,F,Cl,Br,I,At |
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| structural isomer |
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| same molecular formula, different structures |
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| hydrocarbons come from |
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| fossil fuels |
