CHEM 313 Study – Flashcards
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| Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose (C4 epimer of glucose)and glucose. They are connected by a B gal(1-6)B glu bond. In the space below draw the disaccharide lactose. In your drawing make sure that you label the reducing and non-reducing ends. |
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| [image] |
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| How many carbons are present in Malate? |
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| 4 |
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| How many carbons are present in alpha-Ketogluterate? |
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| 5 |
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| How many carbons are present in Succinate? |
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| 4 |
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| In class we discussed anaerobic versus aerobic metabolism. In the space below describe in words the fate of glucose under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Also, include why it is necessary to have both aerobic/anerobic metabolism, and where all of the processes occur |
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Metabolism
Anabolic-=synthesis of small molecules. Catabolism= Degradation of LARGE molecules. |
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| What does decreasing the length of a Fatty Acid Do to the fluidity? |
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| Increases the Fluidity |
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| What is the chainlength of Palmatic Fatty Acid? |
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| 16 C |
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| What is the chain length of Arochodic Fatty Acid? |
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| 20 Carbons |
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| What is a Good Method For Remembering Oxidation & Reduction Rxns? |
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| OIL RIG |
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| How Do Sugars Cyclize? |
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| The 5th Carbon Attacks the Aldehyde. |
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| What are 2 Classifications for Carbohydrates? |
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| D-Glucose D-Fructose |
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| How can we use Glucose Monomers to get Energy? (Which Cycle do we use) |
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| By Metabolizing Glucose to Get Energy. (Kreb Cycle) |
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| What is the cyclic form of Fructose called? |
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| A Pyranose ring |
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| Which molecule has more Non-Reducing Ends? |
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| Glycogen |
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| What 3 Steps must be Bypassed for Glycolysis? |
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| Glucose to G6P using Hexokinase Fructose-6-Phosphate to F6BP using Fructo-kinase PhosphoenolPyruvate to Pyruvate using Pyruvate Kinase |
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| How many ATPs are equivalent to 1 FADH2 |
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| 1 FADH2 = 2ATP |
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| What is True about Mitochondria? (as Far as the Outer and Inner Membranes? |
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| The Outer-Membrane = Permeable The Inner-Membrane = Not Permeable |
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| How many ATPs are contained in 1 NADH? |
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| 1 NADH = 3 ATPs |
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| What are Two Classification for Carbohydrates? |
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| D-Glucose D-Fructose |
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| What is Produced in the Bridge Step? |
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| NADH + CO_2 Acetyl CoA |
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| What is the Payoff in the Payoff Phase of Glycolysis |
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| 4 ATP + 2 NADH |
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| What is necessary for Glycolysis as far as Regenerating? |
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| NAD+ |
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| What is One form of Linear Pathway? |
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| Glycolysis |
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| When delta_G is about 0 What is true about the rxn? |
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| It is reversible |
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| What is contained in Glycerophospholipids? (Hint: What is it?) |
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| A Glycerol Backbone, 2 Fatty Acids, & Phosphate Group |
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| What is gained in the Bridge Step For 1 Molecule of Glucose? |
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| 2NADH + 2CO2 |
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| What does the Metabolic Process Make? & What compounds does it Reduce? |
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| Makes ATP Reduces (NADH/FADH2) |
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| What 3 Things are absorbed by Intestines? |
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| -Cholesterol -Triaglycerides -Phospholipids |
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| What is PhosphoFructo-Kinase Inhibited By? |
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| ATP |
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| What is True about ATD as far as the Bond of Phosphoanhydride? |
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| They have High Energy Bonds |
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| What are Two types of Starch Polysaccharides?(Both glucose Monomers) What are the differences? |
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| 1) Amylose- has only 1 alpha (1-4) linkage 2)Amylopectin- has alpha (1-4) & alpha(1-6) Branches |
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| How do you know if An Anomeric Carbon End can be Reduced? |
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| If it has an OH on the anomeric carbon |
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| What is the song for remembering Glucose? |
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| OH- HO- OH- OH |
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| What type of Linkages are contained in Amylose? |
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| Only alpha (1-4) Linkages |
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| Which side of a Fatty Acid is the Head Group located |
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| At the Amine Group |
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| What do you Have to do to change b/w the alpha and the B structures? |
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| You would have to go between the Linear Intermediate |
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| What is this Anomeric Carbon Called the When the OH is in the uppward direction? |
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| B- D- Glucose |
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| What is the molecule called when the OH is pointing Down? |
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| alpha-D- Glucose |
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| What does it mean if the 6th Carbon Attacks the aldehyde (C1)? (Hint: What does it make?) |
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| A pyranose Ring |
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| What does it make if the 4th Carbon attacks the first carbon? |
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| Furanose |
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| What is characteristic of Unsaturated Fatty Acids? |
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| C=C (A Carbon double Bond) |
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| What are Carbohydrates Used For? |
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| Energy |
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| What type of Cholesterol is Good? (What does it do?) |
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| HDLs(High Density Lipoproteins) -Made to pick up cholesterols from V-LDLs. |
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| Define the Fluid Mosaic Model? |
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| Membrane is a dynamic structures where Proteins & Lipids diffuse literally & rotate b/w the Bilayer |
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| What type of Structure is a Polysaccharide? (Hint: Shape) |
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| Helical Structure |
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| How many Carbons are in Fructose? |
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| 5 Carbons |
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| What does Amylose only have? (Hint: Branch points) |
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| alph (1-4) Linkages & No Brance Points |
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| What kind of Linkages does Glycogen Contain? |
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| Glucose alpha(1-4) & alpha (1-6) Linkages |
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| Which has more Branch points Amylopectin or Glycogen? |
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| Glycogen |
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| Which acids are more Reduced and Why? |
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| Fatty Acids |
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| What is the Purpose of the Biological Membrane? |
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| To control the Flow Through the Membrane & Protect it |
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| What is the main form of Cholesterol? (Hint: What does the structure look like?) |
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| 4 Rings and A Alcohol Sterol |
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| What happens when we have a B(1-4) Linkages of Glucose & a Flat Structure? |
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| Lots of Hydrogen Bonding to Different Glucoses |
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| What is the Process of Glycolysis between? |
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| Glucose & Pyruvate |
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| What is the main Goal of the Kreb's Cycle? |
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| To Oxidize All of the Origional Carbons from Glucose |
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| In Glycolysis What is Invested? (Hint: Energy type) |
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| 2 ATP |
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| How many ATP are used in the Investment Phase? |
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| -2 ATP |
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| How many Emymes are used to Convert Glucose to Pyruvate? |
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| 10 Enzymes |
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| What is the Common Intermediate for Transforming Glucose to Pyruvate? |
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| G3P |
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| Pyruvate not Permeable to the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane until what? |
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| It becomes Acetyl CoA |
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| Where are these permeable Rxn's occuring? |
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| Within the Cytoplasm |
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| What is Metabolism? (Hint: What is it used for?) |
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| A network of rxns caried out to make ATP into Energy |
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| What does Metabolism Produce & How? |
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| Energy by Releasing Glucose from the polymer of Glucose. |
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| What are the 2 Types of Metalbolism? Briefly Explain each? |
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| ANABOLIC - synthesize molecules such as (Amino acids, Carbs, & Peptide Bonds Formation). CATABOLIC- degredation of Large Molecules |
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| What is an A Cyclic Pathway?, Why? |
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| Kreb's Cycle b/c components are regenerated. |
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| What is an A Cyclic Pathway?, Why? |
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| Kreb's Cycle b/c components are regenerated. |
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| What is an A Cyclic Pathway?, Why? |
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| Kreb's Cycle b/c components are regenerated. |
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| What is the meaning of delta G degree? |
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| Free Energy |
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| What does it mean if delta G <0 about the rxn? |
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| The rxn is Favorable |
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| What does it mean about a Rxn when delta G >0? |
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| The rxn is Not Favorable |
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| What is the frequency of Branch Points Found in Glucose? (Hint: Rate) |
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| 1 Every 10-12 Glucose |
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| What is the Song to Remember Fructose? |
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| B/w the Aldehydes HO OH OH |
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| What does Acetyl-CoA Go to in the Kreb Cycle? ( Hint: as far as energy) |
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| 2(CO2) + Energy ( NADH + ATP) |
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| What is Gylcogen? (Hint: What is the form of this?) |
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| Glucose alpha(1-4) |
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| What is Glycogen? WHat is it Used for ? |
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| Storage of Polysaccharides For Animals) Similar to Amylopectin. |
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| What do Polysaccharides Have and Do? |
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| Storage Proteins (used for energy and structure) |
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| What is necessary for the Bridge step b/w Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA |
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| Pyruvate Dehydroginase Complex (PDC) |
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| In Glycolysis What is gained in the PayOff? |
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| 4 ATP + 2 NADH |
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| What is Hexokinase Inhibied by? |
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| G6P |
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| What determines if sugars are Reduced? |
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| 1) Determine if anomeric C has a free hydroxyle 2) Anomeric C has 2 Oxygens 3) Allows for Interconversions |
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| How many ATPs can FADH2 Convert to ? |
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| 2 ATP |
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| What is gained in the Kreb (TCA) cycle for Glucose? |
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| 2 ATP + 6 NADH + FADH2 +4 CO2 |
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| What is the anomer called when the 5th Carbon attacks the Aldehyde. |
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| A B-Anomer |
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| What are 3 Reasons Energy is Released from ATP? |
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| -Electrostatic repulsion of (- charges) -ATP to ADP + PO4 -To increase the Resonance after Hydrolysis. |
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| What are metabolic Pathways? |
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| Series of Rxn where Product of one Rxn =Substrate of Another |
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| What is a Epimer? |
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| A molecule where only one chiral center on a sugar has changed? |
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| What are 3 Fates of Pyruvate? |
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| Arobic metabolism{Acetyl-CoA} Anarobic metabolism {Ethanol plant bacteria & Lactate} |
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| Breifly explain which will provide more energy: C6 fatty acid or 1 molecule of glucose? |
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| 1 C6 Fatty acid b/c it has more Branch Points. |
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| What are the 3 Steps to bypass for gluconeogenesis? |
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| ? |
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| A student identified a mutant of hexokinase, mut-hexokinase. It converts glucose directly into fructo-6- phospate according to the same scheme shown below. Is mut-hexokinase beneficial for the cell. Why or Why not? |
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| Yes it is beneficial, b/c it is able to bypass two steps of the pyruvate cycle. |
