question

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the

answer

water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush pulp, and press oil

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In northern Europe, increasing use of the heavy-wheeled plow between 800 and 1050 coincided with

answer

fundamental changes in patterns of peasant settlement

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Despite the potential advantages of the manorial system, _________ played the dominant role in creating it.

answer

lords

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Serfs were treated like slaves in parts of medieval Europe with the major exception that:

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serfs could not be sold apart from their historic lands

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The rotation of crops

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spread labor evenly over the course of the year

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During the 11th century, the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in

answer

northern Italy

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One factor that contributed to the growth of some urban centers such as Paris and London was

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their ability to draw on the wealth of the immediate area around the city

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Major towns and cities in the High Middle Ages

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sustained their population only through continuous immigration from the countryside

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The two fundamental factors driving the high medieval European economy were

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population growth and an increasingly efficient market for goods

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Between 1000 and 1300 in western Europe, social mobility

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and social inequality both increased

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One response to the Viking invasions of the 10th century was the development of

answer

castles

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Self-governing elites most frequently developed in areas of western Europe where

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royal authority was either weak or nonexistent

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Ruling from their castles, lords claimed the right to

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collect taxes, administer justice, wage war, and mint money

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Central to the establishment of fedual monarchies was the

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personal relationship among individuals at each level of feudal society

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The term feudal comes from the Latin feudum, which refers to

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"fief" or a gift that created a contractual relationship

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The 10th century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and

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an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy

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Many Christians believed in the special protective and curative powers of objects associated with saints such as a fragment of bone or cloth from their garment. Such relics

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were displayed in elaborate reliquaries to demonstrate the prestige and wealth of a church or monastery; demonstrate a growing spirituality of medieval people; showed the great devotion people had toward the Church; prompted incidents of "holy theft"

question

The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that it

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undertook the establishment of a large number of subordinate "daughter houses" also free of control by local lords

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One of the many reforms undertaken by the Cluniac monasteries was to enforce the monastic vow of celibacy on all priests. Some segments of the Church rejected this reform claiming that

answer

the church fathers, such Ambrose, had been married

question

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the

answer

College of Cardinals

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The importance of the investiture Conflict was that it

answer

formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics

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The expansion of the Byzantine empire during the 10th and early 11th centuries was assisted by

answer

Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans

question

Relations between Muslims and Christians in the area Christians referred to as the Holy Lands were upset when Jerusalem was captured in 1071 by the

answer

Seljuq Turks

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When Alexius Comnenus asked for Western help against the Seljuq Turks, he was hoping for a

answer

force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry

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The First Crusade

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weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean

question

When preaching the First Crusade, some churchmen in western Europe offered crusaders

answer

a plenary indulgence, promising that those who died would immediately go the heaven

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The most devastating consequence of the Crusades was the

answer

new religious and political ethos that informed the reconquest of Iberia; development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war; underlying justification of the English wars against the Welsh and Scots; justification for the massacre and dispossession of the "heretics: of southern France

question

The Muslim world was far advanced over Europe in the area of medicine as evidenced by the writings of

answer

IbnSina

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The Muslim philosopher known in Europe as Averroes attempted to resolve a perceived problem in philosophy of

answer

reconciling the Greek idea of the freedom individuals had in the world and the view that God determined everything that happens in the world

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From the Islamic world come some of the best-known poetry in the world, among which is the poetry of

answer

Umar Khayyam

question

Europe was transformed radically in the 12th and 13th centuries because of

answer

the emergence and growth of universities; technological innovations; the new vernacular literature; the emergence of large-scale territorial monarchies

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The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as the

answer

national monarchy

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The codification of canon law and the extension of papal powers and authority had, at least in part, its germination in

answer

the dispute between Henry II and Thomas Becket

question

The Magna Carta was signed by King John

answer

to define the rights of nobles and limit his power, doing so only because his barons forced him into it

question

By the early 14th century, the English Parliament had emerged as a

answer

representative assembly, legislative body, political body; financial body

question

The French kingdom of the Capetians had shrunk dramatically under the rule of _______, who lost his wife and lands to the English king.

answer

Louis VII

question

The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began

answer

Philip II, "Augustus

question

In which country did certain nobles successfully claim and exercise the right to elect their king, regardless of the claims of hereditary succession to the throne

answer

Germany

question

To the territories he inherited from his father, Frederick Barbarossa, King Henry VI added

answer

Sicily

question

King Frederick II of Germany

answer

pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire

question

Compared to the popes active in the Middle Ages, popes in the High Middle Ages were

answer

more concerned with establishing a reputation for justice

question

Innocent III was the most successful pope in the High Middle Ages because he

answer

successfully disciplined kings and heretics, and defined the central dogmas of the Church

question

The emphasis on visible works of Christian piety and devotion in the High Middle Ages served to

answer

clearly distinguish Christian groups from their non-Christian neighbors

question

The Fourth Lateran Council

answer

defined the central dogmas of the Church; set rules for the behavior of priests; established distinctive apparel for non-Christians; established free primary schools in major European cities

question

In the 12th century, the central focus for Christianity was

answer

the mass

question

Which Christian figure became the center of a rapidly expanding "cult" in the 12th century and the namesake of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris as well as other places?

answer

the Virgin Mary

question

In addition to the expansion of "Inquisition" trials, what mechanism did the Latin Church use to control popular heresy in the 13th century?

answer

The Church launched a full-scale internal crusade against the Cathars

question

Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order

answer

apostolic poverty and an imitation of the life of Christ

question

Waldes's reform movement in the late 12th century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not

answer

accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching

question

The increasing persecution of European Jews in the 13th and 14th centuries should be interpreted in the context of

answer

general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society

question

The growth of schools in the 12th century Europe can be attributed primarily to

answer

the general economic revival and the emergence of strong government

question

The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum was comprised of the

answer

trivium and quadrivium

question

The rise of lay education in 12th and 13th century Europe was important because through it

answer

people were increasingly able to pursue nonreligious line of inquiry, and Western culture ultimately became more independent of religion than other cultures

question

By 1200, most of the boys who entered schools

answer

were not members of the clergy and never intended to be

question

Medieval scholastics taught that

answer

there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience in the teachings in the Bible

question

Modern universities can trace their origin ultimately back to the

answer

Abelard at Notre-Dame in Paris

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Anselm argued that

answer

God, as a perfect being, must exist simply by definition

question

The term university orginially meant a

answer

corporation or guild

question

Upon admission to university, medieval students typically studied the liberal arts, which meant

answer

advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic

question

Students who attended medieval universities

answer

were generally rowdy; regarded themselves as privileged; thought of themselves as separate from the surrounding town; needed to work hard to master their studies

question

In the second half of the 11th century, educated Westerners vastly increased their knowledge when

answer

important works of Greek and Arabic literature were translated into Latin

question

Compared to Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas seems to have

answer

placed a greater value on the use of reason and the study of the physical universe to know God

question

Chivalry

answer

was a means of legitimizing social positions acquired through either bravery or skill

question

Courtly love emphasized the ennobling effect of

answer

the love of a noble woman upon a knight

question

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his

answer

story depicting the search for the Holy Grail

question

The most representative genre of literature popular during the High Middle Ages was the

answer

fabliau

question

Dante's Divine Comedy stresses that

answer

the route to knowledge of the divine is through Christian wisdom

question

In emotional or expressive terms, the Gothic cathedral can best be thought of as

answer

expressions of a renewed confidence in life and the strivings of humans

question

The essential features of the Romanesque architectural style are

answer

rounded arches, massive stone walls, and small windows

question

The "Renaissance of the 12th Century" should ultimately be considered a

answer

revival of classical texts creatively adapted to the unique Christian culture of the High Middle Ages

question

In the early 14th century, the agricultural economy in Europe had begun to

answer

fail due to climate change and excessive cultivation

question

The combined effects of famine, war, and plague in the 14th century reduced the total population of western Europe by

answer

at least one half

question

The social mobility of the 14th century was made possible largely due to the

answer

Black Death

question

After 1450, European towns grew significantly in size and economic power because they

answer

attracted more people and developed specialized products and services

question

Which lower-class rebellion in the later Middle Ages involved the revolt of workers in the cloth industry who sought greater participation in local governments?

answer

the Floretine Ciompi revolt of 1378

question

The English Peasants' Revolt differed from other revolts and rebellions of the 14th century as it was fueled by

answer

perceived corruption in the Church

question

One means by which the nobility of Europe asserted themselves was through membership in chivalric orders founded by the rulers of various countries. An example fo such an order would be the

answer

Knights of the Garter

question

In late-medieval France, which dynasty eventually replaced the capetians as rulers?

answer

the Valois

question

The first phase of the Hundred Years' War was marked by

answer

successive English victories over the France

question

England's good fortunes in the Hundred Years' War turned for the bad when

answer

Edward III died, leaving a young Richard to rule

question

During the rise of national monarchies, which modern country resisted unification and remained divided among dozens of independent principalities throughout the later Middle Ages?

answer

Germany

question

Captured by the Burgundians and condemned by the theologians of Paris as a witch, Joan of Arc was

answer

tried for heresy by an English ecclesiastical court

question

The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the

answer

unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile

question

Spain was made whole with the reconquest of 1492 but was not truly a single nation until

answer

1714

question

The largest multiethnic empire of the premodern world was

answer

Russia

question

The Golden Horde was the

answer

Mongol dynasty that controlled Russia

question

Moscow replaced _____ as the center of Russian power in the last Middle Ages

answer

Kiev

question

When it fought against Poland-Lithuania in the last 15th century, Moscow appealed to its citizens by

answer

emphasizing the Roman Catholicism of Poland-Lithuania

question

Before the fall of Constatinople in 1453, the Byzantine empire tried to shore up its defensive position against the Ottoman Turks by

answer

submitting to papal (Roman) authority in religious matters

question

The rebellion of the Mongol leader Timur the Lame created a power vacuum that allowed

answer

the Muscovite grand duke, Ivan III, to launch a series of conquests to forward his imperial agenda

question

During the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the 14th century, the papacy was

answer

moved to Avignon, France

question

The Roman Catholic Church during the later Middle Ages

answer

changed a great deal as it suffered from the same economic hardships caused by the Black Death as the rest of Europe did

question

The Great Schism ended in 1417 when the

answer

Council of Constance elected a new pope

question

The sacraments of the Church

answer

were valid if administered by a properly ordained priest

question

Master Eckhart taught that

answer

there was a spark of the divine within every human soul

question

One way people of the medieval period came to understand the divine in their own lives was through

answer

the Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis

question

Although Jan Hus adopted the ideas of John Wyclif, he did diverge from Wyclif in his view

answer

on the Eucharist being fully available to all people

question

The 13th century had witnessed the development of the philosophical belief that the world was rational, organized, and comprehensile to human beings. In the 14th century, William of Ockhm:

answer

denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths

question

Baccaccio's Decameron is historically significant because it

answer

is written in the vernacular and portrays men and women as they really were

question

Compared to the High Middle Ages, the later Middle Ages

answer

signaled the beginning of vernacular poetry and popular stories of courtly romance

question

What is the central theme of Christine de Pisan's The City of Ladies?

answer

The book is an allegory that defends women against the misogynistic claims of men

question

Just as Boccaccio wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while sitting out the Black Death, _______ wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while on a pilgrimage

answer

Chaucer

question

The later Middle Ages saw an important development in the literary world in that

answer

Christine de Pisan could write for a larger audience defending the character and history of women; Geoffrey Chaucer could give voice to a variety of people representing different classes and outlooks on life; increasingly innovative and ambitious ideas appeared in books; professional authors could make their living with their pens

question

In the later Middle Ages naturalism in literature extended itself to art as well, causing artists to

answer

pay closer attention to how things really looked

question

A fresco painting is essentially

answer

pigment mixed with plaster that is applied to a wall

question

The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he

answer

brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images

question

The Flemish painter Roger van der Weyden expressed piety and the ever present message of the Bible by

answer

portraying biblical figures in contemporary settings

question

The development of artillery in late-medieval Europe affected military strategy in that

answer

stone castles became less viable as defensive strongholds

question

The invention of mechanical time-keeping machines (clocks)

answer

gradually led to the creation of new concepts regarding labor and productivity

question

The invention of movable-type printing and the printing press made possible the

answer

Protestant Reformation in the following century

Chapters 8-10 – Flashcards

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