Chapters 7-12 – Flashcards
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Fibers grow
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connections between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex
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Gross motor development
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improves balance
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Social experience
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foundation for all higher cognitive processes (vygotsky)
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Self Guidance
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children speak to themselves for (vygotsky)
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Scaffolding
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helping with a task out of zone of proximal development
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Self-esteem early childhood
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self awareness develops, happy with friends, and describing himself as big and fast.
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By age 3 a child whose parents criticize their worth and performance
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give up easily and express shame after failure
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As the ability to take another's perspective improves
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empathetic responding increases
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Prosocial behavior
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empathy serves as an important motivator for this behavior
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According to social learning theorist
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moral behavior is acquired just like any other set of responses: through reinforcement and modeling
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School year physical growth
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continues at slow rate of early childhood
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Ligaments are not firmly attached
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causing extreme flexibility
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Reversibility
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capacity to think through a serious of steps and then mentally reverse direction returning to starting point.
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Self regulation
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helps predict academic success throughout elementary and secondary school
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During early childhood whats skills increase rapidly
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language
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Knowing about a topic makes new information
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more meaningful
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Negative outcome of middle childhood
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inferiority, pessimism, lack confidence and inability to perform.
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When school age children provide descriptions of themselves
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include emotions and personality traits
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Self- esteem middle childhood
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adjusts to more realistic level when compared more to peers
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Mastery-oriented
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blames failure on factors that can be changed or controlled
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Problem centered coping
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situation as changeable, identify the difficulty and decide what to do about it.
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Secondary sexual characteristics
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girls; breasts and hips boys: facial hair, voice, both get pubic hair
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During puberty, as neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters, adolescents
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react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely
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According to erickson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences
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role confusion
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According to erickson when an adolescent cannot resolve an identity crisis she may
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appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood
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In adolescence, __________ parenting predicts high self-esteem
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authoritative
