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Imperialism

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policy by which stronger nations extend their political, economic, and military, control over weaker territories. Three causes include economics, politics, and racism.

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Alfred T. Mahan

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naval historian who advocated for naval power as the basis for a great nation; urged the United States to build a modern fleet. Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. The United States eventually followed all of his recommendations.

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Social Darwinism

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belief that Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest should be applied to societies, justifying imperialism. Americans embraced Social Darwinism because they had long believed that God had granted them the right to settle the frontier. They spoke of their "Manifest Destiny."

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Matthew Perry

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U.S. naval commander who sailed a fleet into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and opened trade with Japan

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Queen Liliuokalani

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She resented the power of the white minority and abolished the constitution that had given them political power. Hawaiian monarch dethroned in 1893 by rebel American planters in an action backed by U.S. Marines

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Jose Marti

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Cuban poet and journalist who organized a guerilla revolution against Spain in 1895- "Cuba Libre" free Cuba was his battle cry-and sought US support and intervention.

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William Randolph Hearst

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Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War.

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Yellow Journalism

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One of the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898) - this was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger American public towards Spain.

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George Dewey

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commodore of the U.S. squadron that destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay

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Rough Riders

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The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

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Treaty of Paris of 1898

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The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

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USS Maine

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"Remember the Maine!" U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

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De Lome Letter

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Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.

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John Hay

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secretary of state in the McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt administrations; he was the author of the Open Door Notes, which attempted to protect American interests in China in the early 20th century by asking European countries to pledge equal trading rights in China and the protection of its territory from foreign annexation.

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Boxer Rebellion

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1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

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Spheres of Influence

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An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. Britain, France, Germany, and Russia each carved out spheres of influence, or zones in which they enjoyed special access to ports and markets.

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Open Door Policy

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A policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

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Gentleman's Agreement

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(1907) agreement in which the Japanese promised not to issue passports to laborers seeking to come to the US, in return for no Japanese segregation in the US.

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Great White Fleet

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1907 world cruise by an armada of U.S. battleships to demonstrate American naval strength

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Foraker Act

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established civil government in Puerto Rico with an appointed governor.

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Platt Amendment

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Made Cuba a US protectorate. set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting to the U.S. the "right to intervene" to preserve order in Cuba. Cubans disliked it but realized that America would not otherwise end its military government of the island. The U.S. would not risk Cuba becoming a base for a hostile great power.

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Big Stick diplomacy

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Theodore Roosevelt's approach to international relations that depended on a strong military to achieve its aims. This term came from an old African saying, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." Roosevelt saw it as America's moral responsibility to "civilize," or uplift, weaker nations. He saw international leadership as a challenge the U.S. had to accept.

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Panama Canal

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waterway dug across Panama to shorten the trip between the Atlantic and the Pacific.

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Roosevelt Corollary

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President Theodore Roosevelt's reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers. The U.S. would act as an "International Policeman" in the Western Hemisphere to prevent European intervention.

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Dollar Diplomacy

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President Taft's policy to encourage investment rather than use force in Latin America

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Missionary Diplomacy

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President Wilson's statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights. supported human rights and national integrity rather than U.S. self-interest. promised the U.S. would "never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest"

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militarism

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Cause of WWI- Nations stockpiled new technology, including machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, submarines, and airplanes. Militarism, combined with nationalism, led to an arms race.

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alliance system

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Cause of WWI. A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense.

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nationalism

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devotion to one's country, caused tensions to rise. Among the powers of Europe, nationalism caused a desire to avenge perceived insults and past losses. Some felt national identity centered around a single ethnic group and questioned the loyalty of ethnic minorities. Social Darwinists applied the idea of "survival of the fittest" to nations.

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Francis Ferdinand

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Assassinated on June 28, 1914 by Serb nationalists assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke, Francis Ferdinand.The assassination triggered a chain of events that drew two sets of allies into a bloody conflict.

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Western Front

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In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.

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U-boat

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a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

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Lusitania

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a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

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Zimmerman note

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Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

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Allied Powers

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Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia.

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Central Powers

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Germany and Austria-Hungary

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Isolationists

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favored staying out of the war

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Interventionists

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favored fighting on the Allies' side

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Internationalists

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wanted the United States to play a role for peace but not fight

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Selective Service Act

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law that established a military draft in 1917. More than 4 million U.S. soldiers were sent to Europe.

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Bernard Bauch

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head of the War Industries Board, which regulated businesses related to the war effort. Women entered the workforce to help the war effort.

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CPI

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government agency created during World War I to encourage Americans to support the war. headed by George Creel, distributed millions of pamphlets and sent out thousands of press releases and speakers. CPI materials outlined U.S. and Allied goals and stressed the enemy's cruelty.

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Espionage Act

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act passed in 1917 enacting severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities

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Great Migration

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movement of African Americans in the twentieth century from the rural South to the industrial North

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1918 Sedition Act

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outlawed speech that went against the government or the military. Congress enacted laws that imposed heavy fines and prison terms on anyone who interfered with the war effort.

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Convoy System

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the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

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John J. Pershing

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General who led American forces in Europe

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14 Points

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Wilson's plan for lasting peace through international openness and cooperation. Wilson's vision of a postwar world was grounded in the idea of "peace without victory."

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League of Nations

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world organization to promote peaceful cooperation between countries

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Henry Cabot Lodge

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Republican Senator who opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

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Irreconcilables v. Reservationists

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Irreconcilables were Senate isolationists who opposed any treaty that included a League of Nations. Reservationists were Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles as written but were open to compromise

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Influenza

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the flu virus. The transition to peace was made more difficult by a deadly influenza pandemic that began in 1918. The flu killed 550,000 Americans and more than 50 million people around the world.

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Inflation

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rising prices. Caused by a scarcity of consumer goods during and after WWI

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Red Scare

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widespread fear of radicals and communists

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Palmer Raids

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a series of raids, arrests, and deportations of suspected radicals, most of whom never received a trial

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Sacco and Vanzetti

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Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them. Many scholars and politicians believed that the men died because of their nationality and political beliefs.

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Creditor Nations

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a nation that lends more money than it borrows. The US became the worlds largest creditor nation following WWI.

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Warren G. Harding

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elected president in 1920 by promising Americans a "return to normalcy. Voters rejected President Wilson's idealism and view of America's role in the world. Harding won the election in a landslide.

Chapters 18 and 19 – Flashcards

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