Chapters 18-23 – Flashcards

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During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right was replaced by the idea of
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"enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
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Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia Became a
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highly centralized European state
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Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to
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members of the nobility.
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The Austrian Empire under Joseph II witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's
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enlightenment but radical reforms.
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Catherine the Great of Russia followed a successful policy of expansion against the
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Turks
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Pugachev's rebellion broke out after Catherine II worsened conditions for which social class?
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peasantry.
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During the eighteenth century, Spain was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of
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Philip V
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Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was
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Joseph II of Austria
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Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century could never completely overcome the
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political and social realities of the time
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The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of
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Silesia
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The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was
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Maria Theresa.
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Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?
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The Seven Years' War
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As a result of the French and Indian Wars (7 years war), France lost _____
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Canada
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Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by making the General War Commissariat the
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bureaucratic machine of his state.
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The capital of the Habsurg Empire was in
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Austria.
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Russian society in the seventeenth century was characterized by a
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highly oppressive system of serfdom
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Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed Sweden become a
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second-rate power after the Great Northern War.
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James I of England alienated most of the members of Parliament by insisting on his
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right to govern through Divine Right
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The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for bloodlessly deposing
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James II in favor of William of Orange
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The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in
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Great Britain
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The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by
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entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
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The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its _____ industry
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cotton textile industry
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Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century was responsible for the creation of the first
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modern factories.
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The development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution made Britain's cotton goods the
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cheapest and most popular in the world.
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The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon
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coal.
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The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now no longer owned the means of
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economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
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One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of
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roads and means of transportation.
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To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to prohibit
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industrial artisans from going abroad.
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Industrialization began on the continent first in which 3 countries
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Belgium, France and Germany.
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One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that
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government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
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The Industrial Revolution on the continent was led by which materials
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the coal and iron of heavy industry.
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The first Continental nations to complete establish a comprehensive railroad system were
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Belgium and Germany.
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The Industrial Revolution in the United States required the construction of
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thousands of miles of roads and canals.
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Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century accounted for widespread
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poverty in rural areas of Europe.
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Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace"?
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Charles Dickens
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The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution worked under ___ conditions
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dangerous conditions for long hours.
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A primary reasons for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was
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low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.
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Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution
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did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.
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The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living
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especially benefited the middle classes. Led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society. Eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.
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The People's Charter demanded all of the following except a. universal male suffrage. b. the elimination of property qualifications for members of Parliament. c. payment for members of Parliament. d. the establishment of a republic and the abolition of the monarchy. e. annual sessions of parliament.
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D
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Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the a. establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847. b. reduction of working hours for children to no more than 12 hours a day. c. outlawing of women and children in coal mines. d. requirement of daily education for working children. e. appointment of government factory inspectors.
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A
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In Great Britain, the Six Acts of 1819 imposed a ____ tax
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stamp tax intended to cripple the radical press.
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The Second Empire claimed a democratic mandate but held
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authoritarian power.
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The revolutions of 1848 exposed divisions among revolutionaries; in France, these were largely between the
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middle classes and the workers.
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The Kulturkampf centered on the state's right to control certain aspects of
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Church function.
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Franz Joseph's new Federal Constitution of 1860 was intended to reduce resentment against high-handed government, but was an
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immediate failure.
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Piedmont joined the allies in the Crimean War in order to gain an international forum for discussing
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Italian issues.
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Britain's Factory Act limited the amount of
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hours children worked.
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An economic reason for Prussia's growing dominance of Germany was its leadership through the
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Zollverein.
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The North German Confederation left member states free to regulate their
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own affairs.
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Russia undertook all of the following reforms in response to the Crimean War EXCEPT creating a
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national parliament.
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How did Marxism view industrialization?
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inevitable and beneficial
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As socialist parties became important in Europe, they gradually developed a combination of radical ____ and _____ policies
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rhetoric and moderate policies.
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In the development of politics in Britain, William Gladstone was instrumental in transforming the Whigs into the
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Liberal Party.
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The turmoil following Louis Napoleon's defeat was resolved by the founding of the
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Third Republic.
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The Dreyfus affair was important because the conservatives lost prestige when it was shown that they were
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accusing an innocent man.
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In establishing the Second Empire, Napoleon III received the
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overwhelming electoral support of the people.
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Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was a reconstruction of
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Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.
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In economic matters, Napoleon III used government resources to stimulate the
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national economy and industrial growth.
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An overall result of the Crimean War was the destruction of the ___ and the creation of ______
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Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification
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The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was
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Camillo di Cavour.
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The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
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Austria.
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Cavour's key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and diplomatic support of
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France.
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The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was
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Giuseppe Garibaldi.
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Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification, practiced
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Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
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The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by the king's overwhelming
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executive power.
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The Zollverein describes the German states' customs union dominated by
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Prussia.
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As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of
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military modernization.
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A result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War was the exclusion of Austria from the
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North German Confederation.
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As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as
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a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.
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The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned Bismarck's devious editing of a
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telegram from King William I.
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The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around
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the abolition of serfdom.
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The Russian zemstvos were
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local assemblies with limited self-governing powers.
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The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels based all historical development on
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class struggle.
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Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning all change in history is the result of clashes between
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directly antagonistic elements.
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According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be
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a classless society
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Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?
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His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.
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The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of
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Louis Pasteur.
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