question

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right was replaced by the idea of

answer

"enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.

question

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia Became a

answer

highly centralized European state

question

Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

answer

members of the nobility.

question

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's

answer

enlightenment but radical reforms.

question

Catherine the Great of Russia followed a successful policy of expansion against the

answer

Turks

question

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after Catherine II worsened conditions for which social class?

answer

peasantry.

question

During the eighteenth century, Spain was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of

answer

Philip V

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Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was

answer

Joseph II of Austria

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Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century could never completely overcome the

answer

political and social realities of the time

question

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of

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Silesia

question

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was

answer

Maria Theresa.

question

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

answer

The Seven Years' War

question

As a result of the French and Indian Wars (7 years war), France lost _____

answer

Canada

question

Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by making the General War Commissariat the

answer

bureaucratic machine of his state.

question

The capital of the Habsurg Empire was in

answer

Austria.

question

Russian society in the seventeenth century was characterized by a

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highly oppressive system of serfdom

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Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed Sweden become a

answer

second-rate power after the Great Northern War.

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James I of England alienated most of the members of Parliament by insisting on his

answer

right to govern through Divine Right

question

The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for bloodlessly deposing

answer

James II in favor of William of Orange

question

The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in

answer

Great Britain

question

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by

answer

entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.

question

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its _____ industry

answer

cotton textile industry

question

Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century was responsible for the creation of the first

answer

modern factories.

question

The development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution made Britain's cotton goods the

answer

cheapest and most popular in the world.

question

The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon

answer

coal.

question

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now no longer owned the means of

answer

economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.

question

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of

answer

roads and means of transportation.

question

To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to prohibit

answer

industrial artisans from going abroad.

question

Industrialization began on the continent first in which 3 countries

answer

Belgium, France and Germany.

question

One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that

answer

government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.

question

The Industrial Revolution on the continent was led by which materials

answer

the coal and iron of heavy industry.

question

The first Continental nations to complete establish a comprehensive railroad system were

answer

Belgium and Germany.

question

The Industrial Revolution in the United States required the construction of

answer

thousands of miles of roads and canals.

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Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century accounted for widespread

answer

poverty in rural areas of Europe.

question

Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace"?

answer

Charles Dickens

question

The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution worked under ___ conditions

answer

dangerous conditions for long hours.

question

A primary reasons for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was

answer

low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.

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Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution

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did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.

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The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living

answer

especially benefited the middle classes. Led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society. Eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.

question

The People's Charter demanded all of the following except a. universal male suffrage. b. the elimination of property qualifications for members of Parliament. c. payment for members of Parliament. d. the establishment of a republic and the abolition of the monarchy. e. annual sessions of parliament.

answer

D

question

Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the a. establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847. b. reduction of working hours for children to no more than 12 hours a day. c. outlawing of women and children in coal mines. d. requirement of daily education for working children. e. appointment of government factory inspectors.

answer

A

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In Great Britain, the Six Acts of 1819 imposed a ____ tax

answer

stamp tax intended to cripple the radical press.

question

The Second Empire claimed a democratic mandate but held

answer

authoritarian power.

question

The revolutions of 1848 exposed divisions among revolutionaries; in France, these were largely between the

answer

middle classes and the workers.

question

The Kulturkampf centered on the state's right to control certain aspects of

answer

Church function.

question

Franz Joseph's new Federal Constitution of 1860 was intended to reduce resentment against high-handed government, but was an

answer

immediate failure.

question

Piedmont joined the allies in the Crimean War in order to gain an international forum for discussing

answer

Italian issues.

question

Britain's Factory Act limited the amount of

answer

hours children worked.

question

An economic reason for Prussia's growing dominance of Germany was its leadership through the

answer

Zollverein.

question

The North German Confederation left member states free to regulate their

answer

own affairs.

question

Russia undertook all of the following reforms in response to the Crimean War EXCEPT creating a

answer

national parliament.

question

How did Marxism view industrialization?

answer

inevitable and beneficial

question

As socialist parties became important in Europe, they gradually developed a combination of radical ____ and _____ policies

answer

rhetoric and moderate policies.

question

In the development of politics in Britain, William Gladstone was instrumental in transforming the Whigs into the

answer

Liberal Party.

question

The turmoil following Louis Napoleon's defeat was resolved by the founding of the

answer

Third Republic.

question

The Dreyfus affair was important because the conservatives lost prestige when it was shown that they were

answer

accusing an innocent man.

question

In establishing the Second Empire, Napoleon III received the

answer

overwhelming electoral support of the people.

question

Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was a reconstruction of

answer

Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.

question

In economic matters, Napoleon III used government resources to stimulate the

answer

national economy and industrial growth.

question

An overall result of the Crimean War was the destruction of the ___ and the creation of ______

answer

Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification

question

The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was

answer

Camillo di Cavour.

question

The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was

answer

Austria.

question

Cavour's key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and diplomatic support of

answer

France.

question

The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was

answer

Giuseppe Garibaldi.

question

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification, practiced

answer

Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.

question

The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by the king's overwhelming

answer

executive power.

question

The Zollverein describes the German states' customs union dominated by

answer

Prussia.

question

As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of

answer

military modernization.

question

A result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War was the exclusion of Austria from the

answer

North German Confederation.

question

As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as

answer

a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.

question

The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned Bismarck's devious editing of a

answer

telegram from King William I.

question

The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around

answer

the abolition of serfdom.

question

The Russian zemstvos were

answer

local assemblies with limited self-governing powers.

question

The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels based all historical development on

answer

class struggle.

question

Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning all change in history is the result of clashes between

answer

directly antagonistic elements.

question

According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be

answer

a classless society

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

answer

His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.

question

The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of

answer

Louis Pasteur.

Chapters 18-23 – Flashcards

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