Chapters 11&12 – Flashcards
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A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased?
answer
Alpha-fetoprotein
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Presence of telomere caps gives cancer cells:
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immortality.
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A child develops retinoblastoma. Which of the following must have occurred?
answer
Mutations in the rb gene occurred in both copies of the gene.
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A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?
answer
Human papilloma virus
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Which of the following factors is necessary for local tumor spread?
answer
Increased cellular motility
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The most common route of metastasis is through the:
answer
lymphatics.
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A 50-year-old female develops skin cancer on her head and neck following years of sunbathing. Which of the following cancers is the most likely?
answer
Basal cell carcinoma
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Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking?
answer
Alcohol
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Physical activity was shown to reduce the risk of which of the following types of cancer?
answer
Colon
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A 65-year-old male was recently diagnosed with cancer. He is retired from construction work. Which of the following cancers is he likely to develop secondary to occupational hazards?
answer
Mesothelioma
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Indoor pollution is considered worse than outdoor pollution because of cigarette smoke and:
answer
radon.
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A water test recently revealed arsenic levels above 200 mg/L. Which of the following cancers would be most likely to develop in those who consistently drank the water?
answer
Skin
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Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer cause:
answer
a diabetes-like syndrome.
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Individuals with cancer are often at risk for infections because of:
answer
leukopenia.
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Which of the following is the most significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients?
answer
Infection
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A 75-year-old male was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. The cancer had not metastasized upon diagnosis. Which of the following factors would most predispose this patient to infection?
answer
Age
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To be curative, chemotherapy must eradicate:
answer
enough cancer cells so that the body's own defenses can kill any remaining cells.
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Biologic response modifiers are a form of:
answer
immunotherapy
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A 50-year-old male discovers a mass growing in his mouth. A biopsy reveals that the mass is benign. Which of the following treatments would most likely be recommended?
answer
Surgical removal
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Gastrointestinal alterations, such as nausea and mucosal erosions, are common side effects of chemotherapy treatment because:
answer
chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells in the oral and intestinal linings.
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A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer and put on chemotherapy treatment. Which of the following would help to relieve some of the side effects?
answer
Red cell transfusion
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A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following growth types could it be?
answer
Neoplasm
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Which feature is characteristic of malignant tumor?
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Has a high mitotic index
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The process by which a cell acquires specific new observable characteristics is:
answer
differentiation
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Preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin are referred to as:
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cancer in situ
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A 25-year-old male develops a tumor of the breast glandular tissue. This type of tumor is classified as a(n):
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adenocarcinoma
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A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer. Testing reveals that the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. This cancer would be stage:
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3
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When a cancer cell loses differentiation, _____ has occurred
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Anaplasia
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A physician is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?
answer
Enzymes
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A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased?
answer
Alpha-fetoprotein
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The best explanation for higher rates of cancer in older populations is:
answer
the development of cancer requires several mutations over time
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In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:
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new blood vessel growth
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Presence of telomere caps gives cancer cells:
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immortality
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A proto-oncogene is best defined as:
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a normal gene
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Of the following genetic lesions that cause cancer, which is the most common?
answer
Point mutations
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A child develops retinoblastoma. Which of the following must have occurred?
answer
Mutations in the rb gene occurred in both copies of the gene
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A 50-year-old female develops skin cancer. One potential reason for development of this condition is:
answer
mutation of caretaker genes
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A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?
answer
Human papilloma virus
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A 30-year-old American male with HIV is diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus. After 2 months, the virus is still active. What is the concern for this patient?
answer
Development of B cell lymphoma
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A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient?
answer
Gastric cancer
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A 40-year-old female was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, for which she refused treatment. Four years later she returned to her physician. Testing revealed that the cancer had metastasized to the:
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liver
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Which of the following factors is necessary for local tumor spread?
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Increased cellular motility
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The most common route of metastasis is through the:
answer
lymphatics
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The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to:
answer
cigarette smoke
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Chromosome aberrations and mutations in cells not directly irradiated are referred to as:
answer
bystander effects
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A 50-year-old female develops skin cancer on her head and neck following years of sunbathing. Which of the following cancers is the most likely?
answer
Basal cell carcinoma
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A 50-year-old female develops breast and colorectal cancers. Which of the following dietary factors most likely would have increased her risk for developing these cancers?
answer
Alcohol Intake
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A 25-year-old nursing student recently learned how diet can alter the chances of developing cancer. He tries to minimize his risks of developing the disease by ordering his steak:
answer
rare
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Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking?
answer
Alcohol
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A 25-year-old female was diagnosed with cervical cancer. History reveals she had many sexual partners, which she indicates is "too many to count." Which of the following is most likely to have caused her cancer?
answer
HPV
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Physical activity was shown to reduce the risk of which of the following types of cancer?
answer
Colon
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question
A 65-year-old male was recently diagnosed with cancer. He is retired from construction work. Which of the following cancers is he likely to develop secondary to occupational hazards?
answer
Mesothelioma
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question
Indoor pollution is considered worse than outdoor pollution because of cigarette smoke and:
answer
radon
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A water test recently revealed arsenic levels above 200 ug/L. Which of the following cancers would be most likely to develop in those who consistently drank the water?
answer
Skin
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The most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment is:
answer
fatigue
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A 50-year-old female is suffering from anorexia, anemia, asthenia, weight loss, and altered metabolism resulting in malnutrition. She was previously diagnosed with cancer. Which of the following describes her symptoms?
answer
Cachexia
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Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer cause:
answer
a diabetes-like syndrome
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Individuals with cancer are often at risk for infections because of:
answer
leukopenia
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Which of the following is the most significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients?
answer
Infection
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A 75-year-old male was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. The cancer had not metastasized upon diagnosis. Which of the following factors would most predispose this patient to infection?
answer
Age
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To be curative, chemotherapy must eradicate:
answer
enough cancer cells so that the body's own defenses can kill any remaining cells
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A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with melanoma. Which of the following treatments would most likely be used first?
answer
Immunotherapy
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Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used:
answer
after surgical removal of a tumor
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Biologic response modifiers are a form of:
answer
immunotherapy
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All of the following represent goals of radiation therapy except:
answer
to replace chemotherapy
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A 50-year-old male discovers a mass growing in his mouth. A biopsy reveals that the mass is benign. Which of the following treatments would most likely be recommended?
answer
Surgical removal
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Gastrointestinal alterations, such as nausea and mucosal erosions, are common side effects of chemotherapy treatment because:
answer
chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells in the oral and intestinal linings
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question
A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer and put on chemotherapy treatment. Which of the following would help to relieve some of the side effects?
answer
Red cell transfusion
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The most important environmental risk factor for Cancer is: a.exposure to UV radiation b.Radon c.Estrogen d.Cigarette smoke
answer
d.Cigarette smoke
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Which feature is characteristic of malignant tumor? a.Grows slowly b.Has a well- defined capsule c.Has a high mitotic index d.Is well differentiated
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c.Has a high mitotic index
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The process by which a cell acquires new observable characteristics is: a.Commitment b.Differentiation c.Commutation d.Consanguinities
answer
b.Differentiation
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When a cancer cell loses differentiation, _____ has occurred. a.Autonomy b.Anaplasia c.Plemorphic d.Metastasis
answer
b.Anaplasia
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The best explanation of higher rates of cancer in older population is: a.Aging cells are more susceptible to mutation b.The development of cancer requires several mutations overtime c.Older individuals have higher rates of tobacco use d.The elderly show increased rates of apoptosis
answer
b.The development of cancer requires several mutations overtime
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The most common route of metastasis is through the: a.Arteries b.Body cavities c.Lymphatics d.Connective tissues
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c.Lymphatics
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Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking? a.Alcohol b.Steroids c.Antihistamines d.Antidepressants
answer
a.Alcohol
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The most frequent reported symptom of cancer in cancer treatment is: a.Fatigue b.Anorexia c.Pain d.Weight loss
answer
a.Fatigue
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To be curative, chemotherapy must eradicate: a.All of the tumor cells b.All of the cycling cells c.All of the cells not cycling d.Enough cancer cells so that the body's own defenses can kill any remaining cells
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d.Enough cancer cells so that the body's own defenses can kill any remaining cells
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The movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to the body organs and tissues is called: a.Perfusion b.Ventilation c.Diffusion d.Active transport
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a.Perfusion
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A 42-year old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he suffered a severe head injury. He dies shortly after the accident from loss of respiration. The area of the brain most likely involved is the: a.Cerebral cortex b.Thalamus c.Basal ganglia d.Brain stem
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d.Brain stem
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A 30- year old received a severe head injury in a motor vehicle accident. She is now experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing. This condition is referred to as: a.Cheyenne stokes b.Frank starling c.Apnea d.Orthopnea
answer
a.Cheyenne stokes
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50 year old male who smokes has lung cancer. He was exposed to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation at work. Which of the following most likely had greatest impact on development of cancer? a. Radiation b. Cigarette smoke c. Asbestos d. Air pollution
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b. Cigarette smoke
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Which of the following factors plays a role in organ tropism? a. Preferential adherence to the surface of certain target cells b. Presence of certain growth factors or hormones c. Presence of chemotactic factors d. All of the above
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d. All of the above
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Which of the following mutational routes is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene mutation? a. Point deletion on one chromosome b. Chromosomal translocation c. Gene amplification d. Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
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d. Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
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Viruses are associated with all of the following cancers except: a. lung cancer. b. Kaposi sarcoma. c. lymphoma. d. liver cancer.
answer
a. lung cancer.
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Which of the following is an effective treatment for cancer-related or chemotherapy-related anemia? a. Exercise b. Chemotherapy c. Erythropoietin d. Calcium and magnesium supplements
answer
c. Erythropoietin
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Survival from breast cancer is directly correlated to the: a. number of involved lymph nodes. b. amount of seeding in the peritoneal cavity. c. amount of pain an individual incurs. d. degree of nausea and vomiting side effects from chemotherapy.
answer
a. number of involved lymph nodes.
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Local tissue invasion by a tumor is accomplished by which of the following mechanisms? a. Release of cytokines by the tumor cells, which kills surrounding cells b. Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation c. Release of antibodies by the tumor cells, which enhances phagocytosis of surrounding tissue d. Release of free radicals by the tumor cells, which damages surrounding tissue
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b. Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation
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Which of the following statements about alcohol intake and cancer risk is true? a. Alcohol intake is linked to the development of liver cancer only. b. Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers. c. Moderate amounts of alcohol intake protect against breast and colon cancer. d. Alcohol acts as an antioxidant, resulting in liver cancer.
answer
b. Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers.
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Autotoxin release by cancer cells stimulates: a. cell division. b. apoptosis of normal cells. c. motility. d. release of lysosomal enzymes.
answer
c. motility.
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A tumor that has distant lymph node involvement but no evidence of distant metastasis to other tissues is classified as: a. Stage I. b. Stage II. c. Stage III. d. Stage IV.
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c. Stage III.
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In normal cells, the glycoprotein fibronectin: a. is a self vs. non-self antigenic marker. b. acts as a receptor for growth factors. c. activates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. d. helps adhere neighboring cells to each other.
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d. helps adhere neighboring cells to each other.
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The extension of cancer to distant tissues and organs is called: a. apoptosis. b. tropism. c. metastasis. d. malignancy.
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c. metastasis.
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Cancer cells ensure adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients by releasing: a. autocrine growth factors. b. lysosomal enzymes. c. telomerase. d. angiogenic factors.
answer
d. angiogenic factors.
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Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer causes: a. hypoglycemia. b. depressed carbohydrate absorption. c. weight gain. d. a diabetes-like syndrome.
answer
d. a diabetes-like syndrome.
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Determining the size of the tumor, the degree of node involvement, and the extent of distant metastasis is called: a. categorization. b. staging. c. factoring. d. processing.
answer
b. staging.
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Which of the following factors is necessary for metastasis to occur? a. Decreased cellular motility b. Decreased cell adhesions c. Temporary cessation of cell division d. Proximity to body cavities
answer
b. Decreased cell adhesions
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Malignant tumors have a tendency to: a. grow rapidly. b. metastasize to distant tissues. c. invade surrounding tissues. d. all of the above.
answer
d. all of the above.
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Which of the following factors plays a role in the development of cancer from viral and bacterial infections? a. Inflammatory chemicals cause damage to DNA. b. Growth factors are released during the resulting inflammation. c. Cells divide more frequently to replace damaged tissue. d. All of the above factors play a role.
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d. All of the above factors play a role.
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How does radiation therapy provide an effective means for treating some forms of cancer? a. Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA. b. Heat generated by radiation is thermally toxic to cancer cells. c. The resulting inflammatory response destroys the tumor. d. High-energy waves cause cell membrane injury.
answer
a. Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA.
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Cancer-causing mutations of a proto-oncogene result in: a. apoptosis. b. increased cell division. c. production of monoclonal antibodies. d. decreased cell responsiveness to growth factors.
answer
b. increased cell division.
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Which of the following viruses has been implicated in the development of cervical cancer? a. Herpes virus b. HIV c. Epstein-Barr virus d. Human papilloma virus
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d. Human papilloma virus
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Neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following manifestations of cancer? a. Cachexia b. Thrombocytopenia c. Metastasis d. Fatigue
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d. Fatigue
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Which of the following cell populations do chemotherapeutic agents primarily target? a. All cells b. Cancer cells only c. Cells that are incapable of mitosis d. All rapidly dividing cells
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d. All rapidly dividing cells
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Pharmacologic therapies for pain management include all of the following except: a. local anesthesia. b. beta receptor blockers. c. anti-inflammatory agents. d. opioids.
answer
b. beta receptor blockers.
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Mechanisms that cause cancer pain include all of the following except: a. Pressure on tissues and nerve endings b. Metastases to bone c. Cancer cells residing in lymph nodes d. Release of pain-inducing chemicals
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c. Cancer cells residing in lymph nodes
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Seeding involves the spread of cancer cells to: a. blood vessels. b. serous membranes of body cavities. c. fascia surrounding muscles and bones. d. dermis and subcutaneum of the skin.
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b. serous membranes of body cavities.
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After cancer cells metastasize into lymphatic vessels, which of the following events occurs? a. Cancer cells are killed by immune cells in the lymph nodes. b. Cancer cells lodge in the lymph node and proliferate. c. Cancer cells continue past the lymph nodes to distant organ sites. d. All of the above can occur.
answer
d. All of the above can occur.
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Major causes of fatigue related to cancer and cancer therapy listed by the National Cancer Institute include all of the following except: a. chronic stress. b. disordered sleep. c. immunosuppression. d. metabolic disturbances.
answer
c. immunosuppression.
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A proto-oncogene is best defined as: a. a normal gene. b. a frameshift mutation. c. an inactive gene. d. a tumor-suppressor gene.
answer
a. a normal gene.
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Which of the following alterations in metabolism is often present in people with cancer? a. Increased basic metabolic rate b. Decreased fat breakdown c. Increased anabolism d. Overproduction of protei
answer
a. Increased basic metabolic rate
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Which of the following is a typical characteristic of benign tumors? a. Cells in the tumor are undifferentiated. b. Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule. c. Benign tumors have a tendency to invade surrounding tissue. d. Cells in the tumor occasionally metastasize to lymph nodes.
answer
b. Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule
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The process of triggering new blood vessel formation in a tumor is called: a. erythropoiesis. b. atherosclerosis. c. angiogenesis. d. seeding
answer
c. angiogenesis.
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Anticipatory nausea related to cancer treatment is caused by: a. fear of impending chemotherapy treatment. b. central nervous system effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. c. gastrointestinal tract toxicity. d. constipation and diarrhea.
answer
a. fear of impending chemotherapy treatment.
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Obesity is an important risk factor for all of the following cancers except: a. breast cancer. b. leukemia. c. colon cancer. d. esophageal cancer.
answer
b. leukemia.
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Immortality in cancer cells is obtained through the production of: a. growth factors. b. apoptosis signals. c. telomerase. d. tumor markers
answer
c. telomerase.
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Chronic active hepatitis B infection is a risk factor for developing which of the following types of cancer? a. Lung b. Leukemia c. Pancreas d. Liver
answer
d. Liver
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Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of cancer cells? a. Loss of cellular self-destruct mechanis b. Unlimited replication c. Autocrine stimulation d. Decreased responsiveness to growth signals
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d. Decreased responsiveness to growth signals
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The most commonly reported symptom in individuals with cancer is: a. fatigue. b. anorexia. c. nausea. d. depression.
answer
a. fatigue.
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Hair loss from chemotherapy treatment is condition known as: a. folliculitis. b. alopecia. c. erythema. d. sterility.
answer
b. alopecia.
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The wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment is called: a. cachexia. b. anemia. c. Cushing syndrome. d. anabolism.
answer
a. cachexia.
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The less differentiated a cancer cell is, the more: a. benign it will be. b. embryonic it will appear. c. similar it will appear to its tissue of origin. d. all of the above.
answer
b. embryonic it will appear.
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Which of the following modes of treatment is not used to eradicate cancer? a. Immunotherapy b. Blood transfusions c. Hormone therapy d. Surgery
answer
b. Blood transfusions
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Cachexia is a syndrome that includes all of the following symptoms except: a. anorexia. b. weight loss. c. dyspnea. d. weakness and fatigue.
answer
c. dyspnea.
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In order for a tumor cell to invade tissues, it must attach to laminin in the: a. basement membrane. b. endothelium. c. collagenous matrix. d. blood.
answer
a. basement membrane.
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Leukopenia from cancer or chemotherapy treatment increases an individual's risk for: a. allergic reactions. b. autoimmune disease. c. bleeding. d. infection.
answer
d. infection.
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The process of cancer cells entering into blood vessels is called: a. tropism. b. embolism. c. intravasation. d. angiogenesis.
answer
c. intravasation.
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The normal function of tumor suppressor genes in an individual without cancer is to: a. prevent apoptosis. b. control production of anti-growth signals. c. stimulate cell replication. d. prevent cancer-causing mutations.
answer
b. control production of anti-growth signals.
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Sarcomas are cancers that arise from: a. connective tissues. b. glandular tissues. c. epithelial tissues. d. germ cells.
answer
a. connective tissues.
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Apart from diminished physical energy, cancer-related fatigue can manifest in which of the following ways? a. Diminished intellectual performance b. Muscle weakness c. Mood changes d. All of the above
answer
d. All of the above
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Cervical carcinoma in situ: a. usually progresses to cervical cancer even after treatment. b. contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue. c. refers to cervical cancer that has metastasized to the liver. d. cannot be detected using available medical tests.
answer
b. contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue.
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Tumor markers can be found in: a. blood. b. cerebrospinal fluid. c. urine. d. all of the above.
answer
d. all of the above.
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As a tumor grows, it exerts mechanical pressure on surrounding tissues, which results in: a. cellular swelling. b. ischemia. c. metastasis. d. extravasation.
answer
b. ischemia.
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Tumor cell markers can be used to: a. screen individuals for cancer. b. diagnose tumor type. c. follow the clinical course of tumor development. d. all of the above.
answer
d. all of the above.
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One way that a tumor suppressor gene can become inactivated in the absence of mutation or deletion is through gene: a. silencing. b. splicing. c. amplification. d. translocation.
answer
a. silencing.
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All of the following dietary substances are known carcinogens except: a. fiber. b. polyunsaturated fats. c. charbroiled beef. d. nitrates (nitrosamines).
answer
a. fiber.
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Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition arising from a diet poor in: a. calories. b. fat. c. carbohydrate. d. protein.
answer
d. protein.
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Anemia in individuals with cancer can be the result of all of the following except: a. decreased erythropoietin. b. chronic bleeding. c. fatigue. d. malignant cells in the bone marrow.
answer
c. fatigue.
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Radon exposure increases an individual's risk for which of the following cancers? a. Pancreatic b. Esophageal c. Lung d. Skin
answer
c. Lung
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Individual response to pain depends on which of the following factors? a. Cultural b. Psychologic c. Physiologic d. All of the above
answer
d. All of the above
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Which of the following cancers always arises from an initial mutation in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow? a. Lymphoma b. Carcinoma c. Leukemia d. Sarcoma
answer
c. Leukemia
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Which of the following risk factors is associated with the development of lung, bladder, pancreatic, renal, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer? a. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation b. Radon c. Tobacco use d. Asbestos
answer
c. Tobacco use
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Referring to cancer, the term anaplasia means: a. loss of cellular differentiation. b. rapid growth of cells. c. independence from normal cellular controls. d. ectopic production of hormones.
answer
a. loss of cellular differentiation.
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The term used to describe an aggregation of cancer cells that accumulates faster than its non-mutant neighbors is clonal: a. selection. b. stimulation. c. expansion. d. reunification.
answer
c. expansion.
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Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial cause of: a. lymphoma. b. colon cancer. c. gastric cancer. d. bladder cancer.
answer
c. gastric cancer.
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Oral ulcers caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a condition known as: a. stomatitis. b. candidiasis. c. impetigo. d. decubitus ulceration.
answer
a. stomatitis.
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Normally, the tumor suppressor gene p53 induces: a. apoptosis. b. secretion of anti-growth factors. c. the formation of oncogenes. d. telomere activity.
answer
a. apoptosis.
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Which of the following genetic events is capable of activating oncogenes? a. Deletion b. Loss of heterozygosity c. Amplification d. All of the above
answer
c. Amplification
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Cancers in the abdominopelvic cavity, such as ovarian and colorectal cancers, tend to first metastasize to the: a. liver. b. bladder. c. brain. d. axillary lymph nodes.
answer
a. liver.
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Exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to all of the following cancers except: a. leukemia. b. thyroid cancer. c. breast cancer. d. skin cancer.
answer
d. skin cancer.
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Which of the following statements about cancer pain is false? a. Non-pharmacologic therapies such as meditation and relaxation are ineffective for cancer pain management. b. Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process. c. Cancer pain management requires a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach. d. When first diagnosed with cancer, many individuals say that severe pain is their biggest fear.
answer
b. Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process.
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