Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 COMM – Flashcards

1) Select and narrow topic: Keep topic narrow 2) Identify Purpose:General Purpose: Inform, Persuade, and/or Entertain. Specific Purpose- A CONISE statement of what listeners should understand, believe, feel, or be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the presentation. 3) Develop Central Idea: Informative is what you want your audience to UNDERSTAND. Its the over arching idea that drives your presentation: Definitive Poin about your topic. Persuasive is what you want your audience to believe and/or do. Its the over arching persuasive idea that drives ur presentation and ur definative point on ur topic. 4) Generate Main Ideas: of a presentation correspond to the paragraph topics of a paper. They support or subdivide the central idea and provide more detailed parts of focus for developing the presentation. 5)Gathering supporting material: verbal/visual material that clarifies, amplifies, and provides evidence to support the main ideas of a presentation. 6) Organized presentation 7) Rehearse presentation 8) Deliver presentation: Audience centerd presentational speaker- is when a speaker adapts to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process.

teachable, learnable process. Developing, supporting,organizing, and orally presenting ideas. Skills develop as you learn and practice presentational speaking process will be of practical use in the futute, give an edge to other college courses that require oral presentations , help convince a current or future employer that you deserve a raise in ur job.

Know how to develop a presentation: public speaking instruction decreases students participation of their ownspeaker anxiety. Learning about public speakinghelps you reduce anxiety. Developing an effective presentation can boost your confidence. Being Prepared: decreases anxiety. develope a logical clear outline, discovering appropriate topic and research theraly rehearse the presentation. Focus on ur Audience: * its key. consider needs, goals, and interests of ur audience, keep them concentrated, = worry less on how you attend your nervousness. Focus on ur message: anxiety- reducing stragiety- once speaking maintain focus on ur message nad ur audience rather than ur fears. Give urself a peptalk: make an effort to think possitively. Use deep breathing techniques: nervousness = shallow breathing and rapid heart rate, take a few slow deep breaths before getting up to speak. Inhale and exhale- repeat Seeking opportunites to speak: as u gain public speaking skills u gain control over ur fears. Progressively more confident speaking know as habotuation. Seek Professional help: if u still have anxiety by now meet w/ professor or go to workshop or places on campus that helps students out

Consider the audience: who are the memeber of audience? Why did they ask u to speak? "actionable intelligence" - info that u can use as u selecet ur topic. Occasion: Consider occasion u are asked to speak at. Ex: Veterans Day= topics on patriotism and serve to our country. Personal Interest and experience: slef awareness and comm princples u already know , help u discover topic. Exploring ones own interest, attitudes, expereinces may suggest topics. Speaker things of interest and experiences they've had which gives them topic ideas. General Purpose: broad reason for giving a presentation: to inform, persuade, or entertain.

a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the presentation. - guides speaker in preparing a presentation. -its not stated in the presentation. Central Idea: guides audience in listening to presentation. -States at or near the end of the speeches intro -Adapting to audiences every stage of presentation.

Acccountability: look to see whether the website is signed, follow hyperlinks or search the authors name to determine the authors expertise and authority. If the website is unsigned, check "sponser links" (google) or "sponsered results" (yahoo) to determine what indiviual or organization is responisble for the site. Accuracy: Consider whether the author or sponser is a credible authority. Assess the sore with which the website has been written. Conduct additional research into the information on the site. Objectivity: consider interest, philosophical or political biases and sources of financial support of the author or sponsor of the website. Does the website include advertisments that might influence its content. Date: Look at the bottom of the website for a statement of when the site was posted and when it was last updated. If you cannot find a date, click in the view menu at the top of ur browser. Usability: Balance graphics and any fees against practical effciency. Diversity: a website should be free, representative of diverse perspectives, and accessible by people w/ disabilites.

Periodicales: a listing of biographical data for articles published in a group of magazines of journals during a given time period. Newspapers: like periodicals, most available on databases, but library can be only place of finding local papers, yesterday or todays paper. Reference Resources: material housed in the reference section of a library, such as encyclopeedias, dictionaries, atlases, books of quotations.

Illustrations: a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue or problem the speaker is discussing. Description: A word picture. Provides detailed images allowing audience to see, hear, smell, touch, or taste whatever you are describing. Explanations: statement that makes clear how something is done or whyy it exsits in its present or past form. Definitions: A definition of what something means what it does and how it works. Analogies: Demonstrates how unfamiliar idead, things, and situations are similar to something the audience already understands. Speakers can use two types of analogies in their presentations. (1) Literal analogy: comparison of 2 similar things. Kristen uses literal analogy to offer a solution to americas complex income tax system. (2) Figurative Analogy, comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things that in fact share a significant common feature on which the comparison depends. Statistics: Numerical data that summarize examples. Opinions: of others can add authority, drama, and style to a presentation. A speaker can use three types of opinions: expert testimony, lay testimony, and literary quotations.

Be aware of ur communcation w/ urself and others: best supporting material reflects self-awareness, taking advantage of our own knowledge and eperience. Effectively use and interpret verbal messages: effective verbal supporting material is appropriately worded, concrete, and vivid enough that ur audience can usualize what ur talking about. Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages: use visual aids to present statistics. Listen and repond thoughtfully to others: if listeners find a presentation boring it is probably because the speaker has not used the fundamental principles of communications as criteria for selecting supporting material. Appropriatly adapt messages to others: Sensitivety to ur audience will help you choose the verbal and visual supporting material that is most appropriately adapted to them.

Chronically: Organization by the time or sequence, by series of steps Topical: organization determined by the speakers discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity. Spatial: organization according to location, postition, or direction. Cause/ effect: Organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions.

Chronically: organized by time or sequence Recency: most importantt material last. Primacy: most convincing or least controversal material first. Complexity: from simple to more complex material Specificity: from specific info to general overview or from general overview to specific info. Soft to hard evidence: from hypothetical, illustrations, and opinions to facts and statistics.

initial preview: 1st statement of the main ideas of a presentation, usually presented w/ or near the central idea. transitions: A word, phrase, or nonverbal cue that indicated movement from one idea to the next or the relationship between ideas. (1) verbal transition: a word or phrase that indicates the relationship btwn teo ideas. (2) nonverbal transition: facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next. final summaries: a recap of all the main pts of a presentation, usually occuring just before or during conclusion.

Get audience attention: intro must capture attention Introduce topic: w/in 1st few seconds of listening to you, ur audience have a good idea of what a ur topic is. Creating a reason: motivate ur listeners to continue to listen. Show listeners how ur topic effects them and those they care about. Establish credability: one whom audience judges to be believeable, competent, trustworthy. State central idea: appears at or near the end of ur intro. Preview ur main ideas: allows listeners to anticipate and begin to listen to those main ideas.

Summarize the presentation: conclusion allows speaker last chance to repeat his/her main ideas. Reemphasize Central Idea in memorable way:in conclusion many famous speeches contain many of the lines we remember best. Use final verbal message effectivelty. Motivate the audiences to respond: conclusion is where u can motivate ur audience to respond. Provide closure: sense that a presentation is finished.

Outline: helps ensure main idead are clearly to central idea and are logically supported. Detailed outline of a presentation that includes the central idea, main idead, and supporting material, and may also include specific, purpose, intro and conclusion. Speaking Note: shorter outline: provides all info to make presentation. not to detailed, use notecards etc.

use note cards, use standard outline form, include ur intro and conclusion in abbreviated form, include supporting material and sign posts, include delivery cues.

Manuscript speaking: Reading a presentation from a written text. Memorized speaking: delivering a presentation word for word from memory w/out using notes. Impromptu speaking: delivering a presentation w/outadvance preparation. Extemporaneous speaking: delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carfully rehearsed presentation w/out having memorized exact wording.

Specific: word refers to an individual memeber of a general class Concrete word: refers to an object or describes an action or characteristic in most specific way possible Ex: dog=poodle, utensil=spatula Unbiased words: doesnt sterotype, discriminate against, or insult either gender or any racial, cultural or religous group. Ex: chairperson not a chairman, server not a waiter. Vivid words:colorful word Ex: distressed oak table, scruffy tabby cat. Simple words: known to most people who speake the language. Ex: use a short word where a long one could go. Correct Words- word that means what the speaker intends and is gramatically correct in the phrase or sentence in whihc it appears. Ex: nor instead or knows.

Figurative language: language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and mermorable. Metaphors: implied comparison between two things Ex: All the word's stage. Similes: overt comparison between two things (like or as) Personification: attribution of human qualities to things or ideas. Ex: the pretty rock. Drama: characteristic of speech created when someone is phrased in a way that differes from the way that the audience expects. -Omission: leaving outa word or phrase the audience expects to hear -Inversion: reversing the normal word order of a pharse or sentence -Suspension: w/holding a keyword or phrase until the end of the sentence. Cadence: rhythm of language -Parallelism: using the same grammatical structure for 2 or more clauses or sentences. -Antithesis- contrasting the meaning of the 2 parts of a parallel structure. -Repetition: Emphasizing a keyword pr phrase by using it more than once. -Alliteration: repetion of a constant sound (usually the first cosonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence.

Eye contact: looking at audience during presentation, lets them knwo ur interested in ur topic and u know what ur talking about. Physical Delivery: persons gestures, movement, and psture, which influence how a message is interpreted. Facial Expressions: an arrangement of the facial muscles to communicate thoughts, emotions, and attitudes. Vocal delivery: nonverbal voice cues including volume, pitch, rate, and articulation. Apperance: speakers dress and grooming

Informative:I want my audience to understand ________ -your purpose is tot teach somebody to analyze, describe, compare, contrast, and/or illustrate a topic. Persuasive Speech: I want my audience to believe________ - Your purpose is to create, modify, or change an attitude, belief or behavior.

Presentations about objects: anything tangible - anything u can see or touch. Object that form the basis of an interesting presentation. Ex: Cellos, toys, etc. Presentations about Procedures- discusses how somwthinf works ( Ex: how blood travels through the human circulatory system) or describes a process that produces a particular outcome (such as how groups become one) audience should be able to describe, understand, or perform the procedure described. Presentations about people: be selective when presenting speech about ppl relate the key elements in the persons career, personality, or other significant life features so you build a particular point rather than recite facts. Presentations about ideas: presentations about ideas are more abstract than other types of presentations Presentations about events: major event whether expereiced first hand or researched cam form the basis of a fascinating informative presentation. Your goal as a speaker is to describe event in concrete, tangible terms, bringing experience to life to ur audience.

Simple ideas vs Complex ideas: the simpler ur ideas and phrases the greater the chance that ur audience will understand and remember then. Pace ur info flow: arrange supporting material so u can present an even flow of info. Rather than bunch up many significant details around 1 pt. Relate new info to old info: new info toa group helps listeners associate ur new ideas w/ something that is familiar to them. trying to makes sense of work by associating the new w/ the old.

Relate to ur listeners: listeners interested if it affects them directly, adds to their knowledge, satisfies curiosity, or entertains them. - think about why you urself are interested in the topic. Once you do you find ways to establish common bonds w/ ur audience. Use Attention: getting supporting material - give listeners "big picture" conveying the gist of the objct, process, person, event or idea. Provide simple overview w/ an analogy, model,picture or vivid description. Establish Motive: some situations have built in motives for listners Ex: " this exam is worht 50% or ur grade"- it may not make the teacher popular but makes students try harder. Use word picture: vivid description that invites listeners to draw on their senses. then dscribe use as many of ur senses as possible to conduct effective word pictures. Interesting Presentation Aids: Help maintain audience memebers attention and increase retention of the info u present. Humor: spices up speeches/ right kinds of humor in right amounts.

Build in Redundancy:(1) tell them what ur going to tell them. (2) tell them again (3) Repeat #1. In the intro of ur presentation provide a broad overview of the purpose of ur message identify major pts u will present. Use adult learning principles: preferences of adult learner for what and how they learn, relevent info that can be used immediately, active involvement in learning process. Conncetions btwn the new info and thier life experiences. Reinforce Key ideas: Ex: this is the most important point. - Nonverbally: gestures, accents or emphaize key phrases, just as italics do in written communication.

process of trying to change or reinforce a listerners attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior.

Dissonance: you will experience cognitive dissonance, incompability btwn ur behavior and ur new knowledge will make u feel uncomfortable. Ur discomfort may prompt u to change thoughts, likes, dislikes, feelings, ur behavior u can restore ur comfort level or sense of balance. Needs: best motivators, understand listeners nee, better u can adapt to them and the greater the chance u can persuade them to change attitude, belief, or value or get them to take action. Appeals: appeal to fear takes the form of a verbal message- an "if-then" statement. If you dont do X then________. Positive Appeals: "vote for me and you'll have lowe taxes" verbal mesages promising that good things will happen if the speakers advice is followed. Know listeners values. Elaborating likelihood model: A contemporary theory that people can be persuaded both directly and indirectly.

Attitudes: a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something; a like or dislike. Beliefs: a sense of what is true and false Values: an enduring conception of right or wrong or good or bad

Fact: A claim that something is or is not the case or that id did or didnt happen. Value: A claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something Policy: A claim advocating a specific action to change a resulotion, procedure, or behavior.

Ethos: the credibility or ethical character of a speaker. -Competence: an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest. -Dynaism: 3rd factor , an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic. -Charisma: Talent, charm, attractivness

Logical arguments -Evidence: material used to support a pt. or promise -Reasoning: process of drawing a conclusion from evidence.

Logical Reasoning: using specific instacnes or exales to reach a probable general conclusion. Deductive Reasoning: Moving froma general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion. Causal Reasoning: relating two or more events in such way as to conclude that 1 or more of the events caused others.

Problem-Solution organization: by discussing first a problem and then its various solutions. Cause-and-effect organization: organizing by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects. Refutation: organization according to objects ur listeners may have to ur ideas andarguments Motivated sequence: Alan H. Monroe's 5 step plan for organizing a persuasive speech / message, attention, need satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Receptive Audience: identify w/ ur audience, emmphasize comon interest. Provide clear objective; tell ur listeners what you want to tell them to do. Approprietly use emotional appeals. Neutral Audience: gain and maintain ur audience attention, refer to beliefs and concerns that are important to listeners. SH=how how topic effect people ur listener cares about. Be realistic about what you can accompish. Unreceptive Audience: dont try to tell listeners that ur going to try to convince them to support ur postition. Acknowledge opposing points of view. -Use appropriate gestures