Chapter Thirteen – Flashcards

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What does chapter 13 cover?
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Therapy
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What are the four types of therapies discussed in chapter 13?
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- Talk therapy - Behavior therapies - Biomedical Therapies - Psychotherapy in Perspective
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Who are clinicians?
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- Clinical psychologists - psychiatrists - social workers - counselors
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About how many Americans a year seek therapy?
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20 million Americans
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Almost half of the 20 million americans who seek therapy a year, seek therapy for what?
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Anxiety or depression
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What is the ratio of women/ men who seek counseling?
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- 2/3 are women - 1/3 are men
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Are white members more likely to seek therapy treatment then other minorities?
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Yes
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What are the three essential features of all therapies?
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- A suffer who seeks help - A trained, socially accepted healer - A series of contacts with the goal of changing attitudes, emotional status or behaviors
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What are three types of talk therapy?
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- Psychoanalysis - Humanistic - cognitive
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What researcher is known for psychoanalysis?
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Freud
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What researcher is known for client-centered therapy?
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Rogers
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What researcher is known for rational- emotive behavioral therapy?
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Ellis
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What researcher is known for cognitive- behavior therapy?
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Beck
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What are three types of behavior therapy?
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- Classical conditioning - operant conditioning - Observational learning
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What are three types of biomedical therapy?
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- Psychopharmacology - Electroconvulsive Therapy - Psychosurgery
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Psychotherapy
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any of a group of therapies used to treat psychological disorders and to improve psychological functioning and adjustment to life
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Example of psychotherapy?
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Talk therapy
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Psychoanalysis
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a type of psychodynamic therapy developed by Freud; intensive and prolonged technique for bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
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In psychoanalysis what is analyzed?
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a person's psyche (mind)
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According to psychoanalysis, abnormal behavior is caused by?
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unconscious conflicts among the parts of the psyche: id, ego and super ego
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Free association
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in psychoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents
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Dream analysis
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in psychoanalysis, interpretation of the underlying true meaning of dreams to reveal unconscious processes
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The ego has strong defense mechanisms that block unconscious thoughts; the ego must be tricked to relax its guard by using? (5)
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- Free association - dream analysis - Analysis of resistance - Analysis of transference - Interpretation
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Analysis of resistance
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in psychoanalysis, the inability or unwillingness of a patient to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences
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Analysis of transference
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in psychoanalysis, the process by which a client attaches (transfers) to a therapist feelings formerly held toward some significant person who figured in a past emotional conflict
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Interpretation
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a psychoanalyst's explanation of a patient's free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference; more generally, any statement by a therapist that presents a patient's problem in a new way
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Critics on Psychoanalysis
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Interpretations are hard to refute because they cannot be proven or dis-proven
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Examples of critics of psychoanalysis? (2)
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- Takes lots of time - Can be very expensive
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Humanistic therapy
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a type of therapy that emphasizes maximizing a client's inherent capacity for self-actualization and focusing on obstacles that block personal growth and potential
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Humanistic therapy assumes what?
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Assumes disorder is disruption of normal growth potential and self concept
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How is the Humanistic Approach Different from Psychoanalysis? (5)
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- More interested in the present and the future, not the past - Focus on conscious thoughts, not unconscious thoughts - Taking immediate responsibility for feelings and actions, not focused on uncovering hidden determinants - Promoting growth rather than curing illness - clients not patterns
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Humanistic therapy is what type of therapy?
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Person-Centered Therapy (or Client-Centered)
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humanistic therapy developed by?
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Carl Rodgers
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Humanistic therapy emphasizes? (2)
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- emphasizes the client's natural tendency to become healthy and productive - Emphasizes the importance of unconditional positive regard
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What type of techniques do you use in humanistic therapy?
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therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
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Empathy
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in Rogerian terms, an insightful awareness and ability to share another's inner experience
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Active listening
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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
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Supporters offer evidence of the ___________ of client-centered therapy
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effectiveness
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Critics argue that outcomes of self-actualization and self-awareness are?
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difficult to test
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Cognitive therapy
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a type of therapy that treats problem behaviors and mental processes by focusing on faulty thought processes and beliefs
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Negative self-talk
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the unrealistic things a person tells himself
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Can changing irrational thoughts make you feel better about your body?
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Changing a patient's irrational thoughts results in fewer negative thoughts about their bodies (Bhatnagar et al., 2013)
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Cognitive Therapy does what? (3)
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- teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting - based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions - challenges unhelpful thinking
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What are the three kinds of cognitive therapy?
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- Ellis Rational- Emotional behavioral therapy - Beck's cognitive theory - Second-wave cognitive behavioral therapies
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Cognitive Views of Abnormal Behavior?
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Disorders are caused or worsened by maladaptive thinking
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Cognitive restructuring
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a process in cognitive therapy that is designed to change destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies - strengths? (2)
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- Well supported by research - Cognitive therapies are highly effective for depression, anxiety, bulimia, anger management, addiction
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies - criticisms? (2)
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- Role of cognition unclear (cause or effect?) - Unclear whether cognitive features, behavioral features, or combination are effective
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Content of human thought must be understood in order for it to be?
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effective
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Behavior therapy
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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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What does Behavior therapy identify?
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Identify maladaptive behaviors that occur and adaptive behaviors that are absent
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Counterconditioning is based on?
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Classical conditioning
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Counterconditioning
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procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
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Counterconditioning includes?
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- systematic Desensitization - aversive conditioning
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Systematic Desensitization is a type of?
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counterconditioning
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Systematic Desensitization
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a behavioral therapy technique in which a client learns to prevent the arousal of anxiety by gradually confronting the feared stimulus while relaxed
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Systematic Desensitization is affective in treating?
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Phobias, PTSD and asthma attacks
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Aversive Conditioning
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type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
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Example of Aversive Conditioning
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nausea ---> alcohol
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Aversive Conditioning is commonly used for?
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Sexual deviance, smoking, and self-mutilation
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Flooding is a type of?
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type of behavioral therapy using classical conditioning.
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How is flooding compared to Systematic Desensitization?
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a faster (yet less efficient and more traumatic) method of ridding fears when compared with systematic desensitization.
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Modeling therapy
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a type of therapy characterized by watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors
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Does simply watching other children play with dogs reduce dog phobias in young children?
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Researchers successfully treated 4- and 5-year-old children with severe dog phobia by asking them to first watch other children play with dogs and then to gradually approach and get physically closer to the dogs themselves (May et al., 2012)
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Behavior therapy is recognized as one of the most effective treatments for?
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disorders, including phobias, OCD, eating disorders, sexual dysfunctions, autism, intellectual disorders and delinquency
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What are the two criticisms of behavior therapy?
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- Generalizability - Ethics
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Generalizability
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after treatment, patients won't continue to be reinforced, so newly acquired behaviors might disappear
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Ethics
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critics claim it is unethical for someone to control another's behavior; behaviorists argue that rewards and punishment are already controlling behavior and that this treatment increases freedom
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Biomedical Therapy: A Brain Approach (3)
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- Drug therapy - ECT - Psychosurgery
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What are the four major categories of psychopharmacology?
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- Anti-anxiety - Antipsychotic - Mood stabilizer - Antidepressant
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Anti-anxiety
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reduce anxiety and decrease overarousal in the brain
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Antipsychotic
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diminish or eliminate hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal symptoms
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Mood stabilizer
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treat the combination of manic episodes and depression in bipolar disorder
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Antidepressant
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treat depression, some anxiety disorders, and certain eating disorders
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Antipsychotic Drugs (2)
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- Thorazine (depresses responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli) - Clozapine
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What does Thorazine do?
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depresses responsiveness to irrelevent stimuli
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Antianxiety
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Depress central nervous system activity
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Types of Antianxiety drugs? (2)
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Xanax and Ativan
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Antidepressants need what type of drug?
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SSRI (selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors)
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What are three types of antidepressant drugs?
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Prozac, Lexapro, Zoloft
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Mood-Stabilizing Medication?
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Lithium
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Lithium
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chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorders
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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Psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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Lobotomy
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now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
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Individual therapy
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One on one with therapist and client
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Group therapy
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Therapist meets with several clients with similar problems simultaneously
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Who leads group therapy?
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Therapist
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What are three types of group therapy?
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- couples - family - self-help groups
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Assessing group therapy (5)
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- Does not provide the same patient-therapist involvement level as individual therapy - Saves therapists' time - Saves clients' money - Often just as effective - Allows people to discover that others have similar problems, and they can receive group feedback as they try new behaviors
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Family therapy treats family as a?
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system
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Family therapy encourages family members to?
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encourages family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
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views an individual's unwanted behaviors as?
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influenced by or directed at other family members
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Treatments for psychological disorders are classified into 3 categories?
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- Talk - Behavior - Biomedical
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Preferred treatment depends on? (2)
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- The disorder - The psychologist's viewpoint
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Today, many mental health advocates believe that lots of psychological disorders can be prevented through? (2)
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- Changing dysfunctional, oppressive, self-esteem destroying environments - Creating supportive, nurturing environments aimed at individual growth and self-confidence
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