Chapter 9 Study Guide: The Progressive Era – Flashcards

Reform efforts that are aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life. It is significant because it aimed to improve American life.

An Advocate for improving the lives of women and children. She was important because she helped to win the passage of Illinois factory act in 1893; which is important because the act prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours, and soon became a model for other states (She became chief inspector of factories for Illinois).

The banning of alcoholic beverages. They feared that alcohol was under meaning American moral and believed that by banning they will be able to reform morals. Also they did so by closing saloons, or urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol. Which lead to problems with immigrant groups

Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business during the early 20th century. It refers to John Bunyan's "Pilgrim Progress" in which the character is so busy cleaning the world up with a rake he can't even raise an eye to heaving. This shows how important they were to society and the world.

Using time and motion studies to improve efficiency by breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts. They were important to see just how quickly each task could be preformed.

Republican leadership of Wisconsin who led the way in regulating big businesses. He served three terms as US governor before entering the senate and was known as "Fighting Bob." He was important because he wanted to drive corporations out of politics so that they could be treated just the same as other people. His major target was the railroad industry, he taxed them the same as other businesses, set up commission rates, and forbade railroads to issue free passes to state officials.

A bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers. Citizens were able to petition to place an initiative on the ballot, and gave citizens to create laws. It is significant because it gave power to the hands of the people and not the government.

A vote on the initiative, which is taken by the voters to accept or reject it. It is significant because it is putting the power of choosing whether or not to pass the initiative.

It enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it. It is significant because if enough voters were unhappy with the election results, they could ultimately kick an official out of their position.

Legalized a federal income tax; It is significant because it taxed individual's earnings of corporate profits.

Election of US senators is voted by the people; it is significant because it gives the people more power and allows them to be involved in their government.

In 1896, African-America founded the National Association of Colored Women, by merging two earlier organizations. The mission was "the moral education of the race with which we are identified. This was important to get equal rights for Black women the same as White man and women, including the right to vote.

The right to vote for women, which was very important for the women because for many of the women's it was the basis and cause for much of the pain in suffering endured by women in the nation and global economic system. Many of these women included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy stone, and Julia Ward Howe. It was important to them because they thought of them as citizens and should be able to elect who they want as a citizen.

A leading supporter of woman suffrage. She was split and mad over the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, which granted equal rights including the right to vote to African American men. In response she said: "I would sooner cut off my right hand then ask the ballot for the black men and not the women." She is important because with the help of Elizabeth Cady Stanton she had founded the national women suffrage association.

It's a combination of the National Women Suffrage Association and another group forming National American Women Suffrage Association. It is important to the women and suffragist.

Muckraking journalist who began research for a novel in 1904, and focused on the human condition in the stockyards of Chicago. He was important because he helped pas the meat inspection act.

Sinclair's book was the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry. It was intended to reveal "the breaking of human hearts by a system that exploits the labor of men and women for profits."It was important because president Roosevelt hired a group of people to further more investigate the theory which caused for push of the meat inspection act.

The president at the time and was nauseated by Sinclair's account. He invited the author of the jungle to visit him at the white house, where Roosevelt promised that "the specific evils you point out shall, if their existence be proved, and if I have the power, be eradicated." He helped in pass many acts and furthers the progress of the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt's volunteer cavalry brigade. They were people on horses who fight in the Spanish American war.

It was used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration. It was important because it was used when big businesses victimized workers, and Roosevelt would help the common people to receive what he called a square deal.

Legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies, which controlled about four fifths of the industries in the United States. Many trusts lowered their prices to drive competition to jack prices up even higher. They were important to help companies set their prices.

Passage pushed in 1906 that dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection that was in use until it was replaced by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990s. The compromise that won the acts passage left the government paying for the inspections and did not require companies to label their canned goods with date of processing information. This was important because they used to worry about all kinds of things that might fall or walk into the bath of meat being processed.

Passed in 1906 by congress, which halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. It didn't ban harmful products outright, but required truthful labeling; it reflected the progressive belief that given information people would act wise. It was very important because they added harmful preservatives to food, and children's medicines often contained alcohol, opium, or cocaine.

It meant that some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good to people like Roosevelt and Pinchot. While others like Muir advocated complete preservation of the wilderness. It's important because it protected some of the wilderness, forests and grazing lands by keeping large tracts of federal land exempt from private sale. Also it helped created national parks, and allowed certain sites to stop people from dropping garbage and chemical wastes. The water project also transformed some dry wilderness areas to make agriculture possible.

Formed in 1909 by African Americans joined with prominent white reformers in New York, which is also called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. They aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races, which wasn't supported by the progressive movement, which only focused on the needs of middle-class whites.

Head of the U.S. Forest service under President Roosevelt. He was important because he believed that wilderness areas could be scientifically managed to yield public enjoyment while private development. When Roosevelt left presidency this approach became under pressure realizing that people want the land unrestricted.

Roosevelt's secretary of war that is to run against William Jennings Bryan, who had been nominated by the democrats for the third time. Under the slogan "Vote for Taft this time, You can vote for Bryan any time," Taft and the Republicans won an easy victory. He is important because he was able to break ninety trusts in just a four term. But at the same time he wasn't very popular and wasn't used to being the president and thought Roosevelt was being addressed.

A compromise that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich Bill. The Payne bill lowered rates on imported manufactured good, but instead the senate proposed an alternative bill, the Aldrich bill, which made fewer cuts and increased many rates. This bill angered progressives who believed Taft abandoned progressivism. This made it hard to hold together the two wings of the Republican Party: Progressives who sought out change and conservations that did not, which caused a fracture in the Republican Party.

The progressive party they were formed when the republican progressives refused to vote. This is important because it formed a third category for a candidate to be nominated for presidency and weakened the republicans due to the split. They nominated Roosevelt as their president. This was an important part because it caused much dismay between the republican leading to the election of a democratic president.

The candidate the democrat put forward in the 1912 election and was the reform governor of New Jersey. He endorsed a progressive platform called the new freedom, which demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs. He supported a stronger government action to supervise big business but did not oppose all monopolies. He supported small business and free-market competition and characterized all business monopolies as evils. He was important because he won the presidency in the 1912 elections.

It demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reforms, and reduced tariffs; it is significant because it improved American life for many. Reforms to government (taxes and bank)

The NAWSA president, who saw victory on the horizon for women suffrage (the right to vote). She felt that they might be able to pull off a campaign which meant the vote within six years if they could secure a board of officers who would have sufficient momentum confidence and working power in them. She created a emergency suffrage convention in 1916 and invited president Wilson, who cautiously supported the movement. He said that they had a force behind them that will triumph that is worth the wait, and within the next four years the passage of the suffrage amendment became the capstone of the progressive movement. She was important because she was a main factor in the right to vote for women.

Established in 1914 and sought to strengthen the Sherman antitrust act of 1890. The Clayton act prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly. If it were violated by a company, they were to be prosecuted. Also specifies that labor unions and farm organizations had the right to exist and would no longer be subject to antitrust laws (petitions, strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts were allowed). It dramatically changed workers right and was such an important law that it became called the Magna Carta of work.

They set up the second major antitrust measure, which was called the federal trade commission act of 1914. They were the watchdog agency that had the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statues, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to a number of unfair business practices. This was important because they administered almost 400 cease-and-desist (to stop) orderlies to companies engaged in illegal activity.

Financial reform that strengthened the ways in which banks were run, as well as a way to quickly adjust the amount of money in circulation, and the credit available and money supply had to keep up with the economy. It is a decentralized private banking system under federal control. Divides the nation into 12 districts, with one main bank that serves other banks. It could issue new paper currency in emergency situation, and they could use the new currency for loans. It is important because we still use it today.

Passed in 1919 by congress it granted women the right to vote, after 72 years of waiting (started in 1848). It was important to many women because they believed as citizens they should not deprived of rights that man has, just because they are women, also they worked really hard to earn it.

Protecting Social Welfare - Workers who worked to soften some of the harsh conditions of industrialization. Promoting Moral Improvement - Reformers who felt that mortality, not the workplace, held the key to improving the lives of poor people. They wanted immigrants and poor city dwellers to uplift themselves by improving their personal behavior. Creating Economic Reform - Americans question the capitalist economic system. As a result some Americans, especially workers embraced socialism. Fostering Efficiency- Many progressive leaders put their faith in experts and scientific principles to make society and the workplace more efficient.

Local governments were reformed because of natural disasters. Example in the 1900s a hurricane and tidal wave almost demolished a city in Texas, and they reformed government with a five man commission

Reform mayors introduced progressive reforms without changing how government was organized. They focused generally on dismissing corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities (gasworks, waterworks and transit lines) and converting utilities to publicly owned enterprises. Includes mayors in Detroit Michigan (Hazen Pingree) and of Cleveland, Ohio (Tom Johnson). Some mayors like Johnson believed that citizens should play a more active role in government

Business hired children's because they preformed unskilled jobs for lower wages and because small hands made them more skillful at handling small parts and tools. Children were more prone to accidents caused by fatigue The national child labor committee, formed 1904, sent investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions. They organized exhibitions with photographs and statistics to dramatize troubles. The labor union members joined them because they argued that child labor lowered wages for all workers. The groups tried pressuring national politicians to pass the Keating-Owen Act in 1916, which prohibited the transportation of goods across state lines of good produced with child labor. Two years later the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional because it interferes with state laws. However the reformers did succeed in every state by effecting legislation that banned child labor and set maximum hours.

Briefs that cited non-legal data The brandies Brief were the case of Muller v. Oregon, Louis D. Oregon, assisted by Florence Kelly and Josephine Gold mark. They persuasively argued that poor working women were much more economically insecure than large corporations. It gave women protection against large powerful employers, and Brandies convinced the court to uphold an Oregon law limiting women to a ten hour workday. This caused a chain reaction because other state soon strengthened or created laws reducing women's hours of work. (shortens women's work day) Another Brandies brief was in 1917 in Bunting Vs. Oregon which persuaded the court to maintain a ten hour workday for men (shortens men's workday to)

Before the civil war, married middle-class women were generally expected to take care of the home and family. But by the lat 19th century only middle ad upper class could afford doing so the poorer women had to work outside for wages. Some women in the south and Midwest worked on farms where they not only supplied for their family and did the household tasks; they also raised livestock, help plow and plant the field, as well as harvesting the plants. Some women found jobs as better paying opportunities became available in cities. Some 25% of the women worked in manufacturing, and another half was claimed to the garment trade, but received only half the pay of wages that the males received. By then women also began filling jobs in offices, stores, and classrooms. But these required a high school education, and by 1900 the women high school graduates outnumbered the men.

Many women helped their family with domestic work like cleaning after other families. After 2 million African American women were slaved from slavery, poverty drove them quickly into the work force. They began working for factories and as domestic workers, they also went to big city to become cooks, and laundresses. But about 70% were servants by 1870. It even included unmarried immigrant.

The "Bully Pulpit" is what Theodore Roosevelt saw the presidency as, from which he could influence the news media and shape legislation. Allows a person to speak out on any issue. Forces people to do things, a stand to talk on.

Susan B Anthony was a major supporter of suffrage and with the help of Elizabeth Cady Stanton the founded the NWSA, and united with another group forming the NAWSA. Other major supporters were Lucy Stone, and Julia Ward Howe. Three-Part Strategy For Suffrage (3 different approaches to achieve objective) 1.First they tried to convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote. They achieved victory in the territory in Wyoming in 1869, Utah in the 1890's, and Colorado and Idaho also placed some new laws for women 2.Second women pursued court cases by testing the fourteenth amendment. Weren't women citizens to? 3.Third they pushed for a national constitutional amendment to grant women the right to vote. Stanton succeeded in California, but it was taken down later.

In the 1912 elections Roosevelt had decided to run a third term, which meant that Roosevelt and Taft would run against each other under the republicans. But then a new party was formed a third party the progressive party called the bull moose party. Roosevelt soon became known as strong as a bull moose. The split in the republican ranks handed the democrats their first real chance at the white house since 1892. The democrats put Woodrow Wilson as their candidate for presidency.

They scolded people in saloons or bars by entering them and singing, praying and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol Smashing bottles of alcohol, guilinting people, standing outside the bar, and busting up saloons.

Some progressives gained public support while others did not It depends on the issue that they were supporting

140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike and demanded a 20 percent raise, a nine hour workday and the right to organize a union, the mine operators refused to bargain. Once the coal reserves ran low, Roosevelt saw the need to intervene and invited both sides to the white house to talk and settled the strike. He said that he would have thrown one owner out of the window but the dignity of the presidency stopped him. After Roosevelt threatens to take over the mines the opposing sides finally agreed to submit their differences to an attribution commission - a third party that would work with both sides to mediate the dispute. In the end the miners won a 10 percent pay hike and a shorter nine hour workday. They also gave up the demand for a closed shop, in which all workers belong to the union. President Roosevelt demonstrated a new action, whenever a strike threatened the public welfare; the federal government was expected to intervene. It reflects the progressive belief that disputes could be settled in an orderly way with the help of experts (ex. Attribution commission)

Prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding to fix high prices by dividing the business in a given area. The interstate commerce commission (ICC) was set up to enforce the new law but had little power. Congress passed the Elkin act which prohibited the railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads. The act also specifies that the railroad prices can't change set rates without notifying the public. The Hepburn act of 1906 strictly limited the distribution of free railroad price, which was a common bribery. It allowed the ICC to set maximum rates. It boosted the government's power to regulate the railroads. Concerned with the growing power and wealth of corporation, and railroads were the main concern

The split between Taft and Roosevelt, who were former republican allies turned nasty during the campaigns. Taft labeled Roosevelt as a "Dangerous egotist," while Roosevelt banded Taft a "fathead" with the brains of a guinea pig. Wilson distanced himself from the two acting like children and gloated quietly "Don't interfere when your enemy is destroying himself" They were destroying each other with the negative campaigning while he stayed on the side playing his cards and waiting for the people to see him as the new president.

A tax on imported goods (to sell in different countries/land) Progressives/Companies wanted lower tariffs to sell goods in other parts of america and the world. Farmers wanted higher tariffs so no one else will sell goods in their own county or place.