question

myopia

answer

nearsightedness-most common vision problem in middle childhood

question

obesity

answer

a greater-than-20-percent increase over healthy weight, based on body mass index (BMI)-a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat. (A BMI above the 85th percentile for a child's age and sex is considered overweight, a BMI above the 95th percentile obese

question

overweight children & adolescents in the U.S.

answer

32%

question

Obese children & adolescents in the U.S.

answer

11%

question

asthma

answer

bronchial tubes (passages that connect the throat and lungs are highly sensitive--most common childhood chronic illness accounting for 1/3. Most frequent cause of absence from school and childhood hospitalization

question

unintentional injuries

answer

motor vehicle accidents, involving children as passengers or pedestrians, continue to be the leading cause of injury

question

Four Basic Motor Capacities

answer

flexibility, balance, agility, and force-(gross-motor development)

question

rough-and-tumble play

answer

friendly chasing and play-fighting

question

dominance hierarchy

answer

a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises

question

concrete operational stage

answer

From 7-11 years old and marks a major turning point in cognitive development. Thought is far more logical, flexible, and organized than it was earlier

question

reversibility

answer

the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point

question

seriation

answer

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

question

operations

answer

mental actions that obey logical rules

question

decentration

answer

focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them, rather than centering on just one

question

transitive inference

answer

seriate mentally

question

cognitive maps

answer

their mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as their neighborhood or school

question

rehearsal

answer

repeating information to yourself

question

organization

answer

grouping related items together

question

elaboration

answer

creating a relationship, or shared meaning, between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category

question

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

answer

involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems 3-6% of school age children have it

question

cognitive self-regulation

answer

the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

question

whole-language approach

answer

reading should be taught in a way that parallels natural language learning. From the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete from--stories, poems, letters, posters, and lists--so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language

question

phonics approach

answer

believing that children should first be coached on phonics--the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Only after mastering these skills should they get complex reading material

question

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

answer

Used for individuals age 2 to adulthood-assess general intelligence and five intellectual factors: knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and basic information processing (such as speed of analyzing information)

question

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children

answer

Used for 6-through 16-year-olds--Measures general intelligence in four broad factors: verbal reasoning, perceptual (or visual-spatial) reasoning, working memory, and processing speed--most "culture fair" intelligence test

question

Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence

answer

identifies three broad, interacting intelligences: (1) analytical intelligence, or information-processing skills; (2) creative intelligence, the capacity to solve novel problems; and (3) practical-intelligence, application of intellectual skills in everyday solutions. Intelligent behavior involves balancing all three intelligences to achieve success in life according to one's personal goals and the requirements of one's cultural community.

question

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

answer

defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. Dismissing the idea of general intelligence, Gardner proposes at least eight independent intelligences

question

Garner's eight intelligences

answer

linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal

question

emotional intelligence

answer

refers to a set of emotional abilities that enable individuals to process and adapt to emotional information. To measure it, researchers have devised items tapping emotional skills that enable people to manage their own emotions and interact competently with others

question

stereotype threat

answer

the fear of being judged on the basis of negative stereotype--can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance

question

dynamic assessment

answer

an innovation consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support

question

pragmatics

answer

the communicative side of language

question

vocabulary

answer

increases four-fold, eventually exceeding 40,000 words. On average children learn 20 new words each day, a rate of growth exceeding that in early childhood

question

traditional classroom

answer

the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making and does most of the talking. Students are relatively passive--listening, responding when called on, and completing teacher-assigned tasks. Their progress is evaluated by how well they keep pace with a uniform set of standards for their grade

question

constructivist classroom

answer

encourages students to construct their own knowledge. Although contructivist approaches vary, many are grounded in Piaget's theory, which views children as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others. A glance inside a constructivist classroom reveals richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self-chosen problems, and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs. Students are evaluated by considering their progress in relation to their own prior development

question

social-constructivist classrooms

answer

children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings. As children acquire knowledge and strategies from working together, they become competent, contributing members of their classroom community and advance in cognitive social development

question

cooperative learning

answer

small groups of classmates work toward common goals

question

educational self-fulfilling prophecies

answer

children may adopt teacher's positive or negative views and start to live up to them

question

inclusive classrooms

answer

students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for all or part of the school day, a practice designed to prepare them for participation in society and to combat prejudices against individuals with disabilities

question

learning disabilities

answer

great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading. As a result, their achievement is considerably behind what would be expected on the basis of their IQ

question

gifted

answer

displaying exceptional intellectual strenths

question

creativity

answer

the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate--something others have not thought of that is useful in some way

question

divergent thinking

answer

the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem

question

convergent thinking

answer

arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests

question

talent

answer

outstanding performance in a specific field

Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards