Chapter 9: Male Reproduction System – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
genitourinary (GU) tract
answer
part of the system (penis and penile canal) serves both as genitalia and as urinary organ
question
genit/o
answer
genitalia
question
urin/o
answer
urinary
question
andr/o
answer
male
question
testis
answer
small, smooth, oval-shaped, paired glands
question
test/o (orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o)
answer
testicle
question
scrotum
answer
cutaneous pouch suspended between the thighs
question
perineum
answer
external, diamond-shaped area seen between the scrotum and anus
question
seminiferous tubules
answer
tiny coiled tubes that are contained in 200 or more cone-shaped lobules that divide up the testes. perform the essential work of the testes, they comprise the functional, or parenchymal, tissue of the organ.
question
spermatogenesis
answer
formation and development of sperm cells which occurs along the lining of the tubules
question
Parenchymal tissues
answer
contain the essential, distinctive cells of an organ
question
interstitial(Leydig) cells
answer
are spread among the seminiferous tubules and form the connective and supportive tissue (stroma) of the testes and secrete the hormone testosterone
question
tunica albuginea
answer
tough, whitish membrane that covers the testicle and then enters the gland to form speta
question
septa
answer
divide the testicle into section or lobules
question
androgens
answer
male hormones
question
spermatozoa (spermatozoon sing.)
answer
mature male germ cell that is formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and functions as the generative element of the semen, serving to fertilize the ovum and containing the genetic data to be sent to the zygote by the male. It is released into the lumen of each seminiferous tubule.
question
epididym/o
answer
epididymis
question
epididymis
answer
one of a pair of comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubes that runs down the length of the testis and then turns upward and tapers into an inferior tail portion that is continuous with the vas deferens. The ______ is where sperm cells continue to mature until they either are conveyed by ejaculation through the urethra or disintegrate and are reabsorbed by the body.
question
vas/o
answer
vas deferens
question
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
answer
encased in the spermatic cord, and extends into the abdominal cavity, over the ureters, and behind the urinary bladder. It then enters the base of the prostate gland to join with the seminal vesicles and forms the ejaculatory duct
question
prostate
answer
donut-shaped exocrine gland in the male surrounding the neck of the bladder and the urethra and producing a secretion containing 1. citric acid, 2. acid phosphatase 3. proteolytic enzymes that liquefy coagulated semen alkaline substances help to protect sperm from urethral and vaginal acidity and enhance sperm motility (encircles the upper portion of urethra)
question
seminal vesicles
answer
two saclike structures that lie between the bladder and the rectum. These glands secrete a thick, yellowish substance that serves to nourish the sperm and, together with secretions from the prostate, form the seminal fluid, or semen
question
semen
answer
thick, whitish secretion of the reproducive organs in the male, discharged from the urethra on ejaculation and composed of spermatooa in their nutrient plasma and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other glands
question
ejaculatory ducts
answer
short tubes that begin at the base of the prostate gland and pass through the gland to end in the prostatic portion of the urethra
question
prostat/o
answer
prostate gland
question
cowper (bulbourethral) gland
answer
two round, pea-sized exocrine glands that lie just below the prostate gland. The _______ ____ secrete into the urethra a fluid that helps to transport sperm and to contribute to the survival of the male sex cells
question
pen/o
answer
penis
question
penis
answer
external reproductive organ that contains the urethra, which serves as a passageway both for semen during ejaculation and for urinary elimination structure consists of 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue 1. mass surrounds the urethra and the outermost mass is covered with skin
question
balan/o
answer
glans penis
question
glans penis
answer
overlap of erectiel tissue at the tip of the penis that forms the slightly bulging structure
question
prepuce
answer
foreskin fold of skin covering the tip of thep penis
question
vasectomy
answer
used to sterilize a male kills all sperm cells
question
testosterone
answer
stimulate the development of male characteristics
question
sperm
answer
1/500 of an inch long and resembles a tadpole in its appearance. consists of a head, cylindrical midpiece, and an elongated tail region 300 million sperm cells are released into female reproductive tract and only 50 to 100 reach the ovum only 1 can penetrate and fertilize a single egg live only hours after being deposited in the female some survive for up to 3 days
question
flagellum
answer
tail region of the sperm. It is a hairlike projection aiding in cell motility
question
head
answer
____of the sperm which contains the nucleus (carrier of genetic information)
question
acrosome
answer
tip of the head of the sperm cell which contains enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the female ova during fertilization
question
midpiece
answer
spiral-shaped body that contain mitochondria that produce the ATP to supply he energy needed for the sperm to swim during the journey to the female site of fertilization
question
fraternal twins
answer
develop when two different spermatozoa fertilie two different ova Although these offspring are born of the same pregnancy, they have separate placentas and are no more closely related than other brothers and sisters.
question
identical twins
answer
produced from a single fertilized ovum, usually with one placenta and two amniotic sacs During the early stages of embryonic development, the ovum splits into equal halves, each of which gives rise to a separate fetus. These offspring are always of the same sex and closely resemble each other in their physical, psychologic, and mental characteristics.
question
spermatozoon
answer
make sex cells
question
testicular carcinoma
answer
cancer of testes -occurs in 15yo-35yo mostly -less than 1% of all forms of cancer in men
question
testicular neoplasms
answer
germinal/ nongerminal 90% of testicular carcinomas are germinal cancers fix??
question
germinal
answer
arising from embryonic, or germ, cells in the testes
question
seminoma
answer
germinal tumor that forms in the seminiferous tubules
question
semin/i
answer
seminiferous
question
nonseminomatous tumors
answer
embryonal carcinomas that derive from embryonic cells
question
choriocarcinoma
answer
epithelial malignancy that develops from the chorionic portion of the products of conception
question
teratoma
answer
tumors composed of different kinds of tissue
question
terat/o
answer
monster
question
teratocarcinoma
answer
combination of embryonal carcinoma and teratoma
question
embryonal carcinoma
answer
tumor derived from embryonic cells
question
hematuria
answer
blood in urine
question
benign prostatic hyperplasia
answer
enlarged prostate
question
cryptorchidism
answer
when one or both of the testes fail to descend
question
crypt/o
answer
hidden
question
cryptorchism
answer
most common congenital testicular condition which becomes a risk factor for infertility and testicular cancer
question
testicular torsion
answer
twisting of the spermatic cord, which contains blood vessels supplying the testis and epididymis characteried by severe pain and acute swelling -surgical emergency that if left untreated can lead to atrophy of testis
question
atrophy
answer
no development
question
varicocele
answer
enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord affects left spermatic cord more often than right
question
orchitis
answer
inflammation of testis
question
hydrocele
answer
accumulation of fluid in the scrotum may be caused by inflammation of the testis or epididymis or may result from interference with lymphatic drainage
question
transillumination
answer
shining a light source through the scrotal tissue to identify the fluid-filled mass
question
epididymitis
answer
inflammation of the elongated cordlike structure located along the posterior border of the testis
question
aspermia
answer
abnomral condition of the sperm characteried by a lack of formation or emission of semen
question
aoospermia
answer
condition of no living sperm in the semen
question
zo/o
answer
living animal
question
oligospermia
answer
low sperm count
question
olig/o
answer
scanty
question
prostatic cancer
answer
most common cancer in men slow-growing tumor that affects an increasing proportion of men after age of 50
question
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
answer
noncancerous condition common in men over 50 that is characterized by enlargement of portions of the porstate gland **because urethra passes through prostate, enlargement can compress urethra and obstruct urinary flow other symptoms: decrease in the urinary stream, urgency, blood in the urine, incomplete emptying of the bladder, and infection as a result of urinary retention.
question
phimosis
answer
prepuce fits so tightly over the glans penis that it cannot retract **obstructs flow of urine and cna lead to development of infection because of accumulation of secretions on the foreskin
question
phim/o
answer
to muzzle
question
hypospadias
answer
congenital disorder in which external opening of the urethra (urinary meatus) is on the undersurface of the penis
question
penoscrotal
answer
pertaining to the penis and scrotum
question
erectile dysfunction (ED)
answer
impotence difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection Viagra, Cialis, and Levirtra can enhance erectile function by increasing blood flow to the penis
question
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (sexually transmitted infections [STIs]
answer
communictaed by intimate sexual contact
question
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)
answer
...
question
chlamydia
answer
caused by bacteria Chalmydia trachomatis is considered to be the most prevalent STD in the US. symptom: urethritis
question
urethritis
answer
recognized by painful or burning sensation on urination and urethral discharge
question
nonspecific urethritis (NSU)
answer
used to distinguish betweeen STD causing and other occurances
question
Gonorrhea
answer
common STD caused by gonocci bacteria and results in inflammation of the genital tract mucosa indications: urethritis, painful urination, mucopurulent, itching, burning, pain around vaginal/urethral opening **women carry disease without symptoms
question
gon/o
answer
seed
question
mucopurulent
answer
pus-filled urethral or vaginal discharge
question
Herpes genitalis
answer
chronic infection caused by the typ II herpes simplex virus (HSVII) and is usually transmitted by sexual contact -may be communicated to the fetus or neonate through the placenta and through direct contact with infection tissue at birth -lesions of herpes heal spontaneously no cure for herpes infection
question
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
answer
infection of the skin and mucous membrane usually shows up as a genital wart or condyloma in the anogenital region which can cause related cancers in both males and females -vaccine is developed that offers protection against four types of ____ ____ ___
question
syphilis
answer
sexually transmitted disease caused by a spirochete characteried by distinct stages that mark its progression illness can affect any organ system and can be congenital (able to pass through placenta)
question
spirochete
answer
spiral-shaped bacterium
question
primary syphilis
answer
first stage of syphilis which is accompanied by the appearance of a chancre
question
chancre
answer
red, bloodless ulcer on the external genitals
question
secondary syphilis
answer
after several months, this stage includes papulosquamous eruptions or erythematous papules, hair loss, swelling of the lymph nodes, and bone and join pain
question
tertiary syphilis
answer
late stage of syphilis where damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular system may occur, and the disease may lead to death if not treated
question
penile
answer
pertaining to the penis
question
balanitis
answer
inflammation of the glans penis caused by overgrowth of yeast or bacteria
question
Digital rectal examination (DRE)
answer
finger palpation of the prostate gland through the rectum. Doctors are able to palpate prostate for nodules or enlargement
question
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay
answer
helps to identify prostate cancer by checking for elevated levels of PSA in blood.
question
PSA
answer
a protein produced by the prostate and elevated in patients with cancer *with prostate cnacer patients, PSA is almsot always elevated to some degree, but an elevation in PSA could also indicate other conditions such as prostatitis or BPH
question
prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
answer
elevated levels of ____ pinpoints cnacer of the prostate
question
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
answer
uses sound waves to help visualize prostate gland to assess suspicious areas and to guide placement of biopsy needle
question
TNM staging system (and Gleason scoring system)
answer
used to determine how aggressive cancer is
question
laboratory culture
answer
STDS (like gonorrhea) confirmed through a _______ ___ of the urethral or vaginal secretions. infection is treated with antibiotics
question
semen analysis
answer
microscopic examination of the semen to determine the number, motility, and shape of the sperm cells or spermatozoa is an essential part of fertility studies (less than 20million sperm/mL of semen designates a state of infertility or sterility)
question
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
answer
used to detect syphilis
question
chemotherapy
answer
______ or drug treament is an option for nonseminomatous tumors.
question
surgical ligation
answer
tying off, of the spermatic vein treats varicocele
question
hydrocelectomy
answer
treats hydrocele a needle and syring are used to aspirate or remove the fluidic mass
question
circumcision
answer
phimosis is treated with this the surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin)
question
orchiopexy
answer
surgical procedure used to mobilie and attach the testes, fixing them in place to preven retraction
question
pexy
answer
fixation; put in palce
question
orchiectomy
answer
removal of testis
question
vasectomy
answer
incision is made into scrotum and vas deferens which surgicall cut and tied off for the purpose of steriliation
question
vasovasostomy
answer
surgical opertion to reopen the vessel by rejoining two ends of the severed vas deferens
question
semen analysis
answer
help to check efficiency of vasectomy evaluates semen for number, motility, and shape
question
transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)
answer
resectoscope is inserted through the urethra, an electrical hot-loop destroys prostatic tissue, and these portions of the gladn are removed through the resectoscope
question
resectoscope
answer
an instrument used to excise prostatic tissue
question
photo-selective vaporization of the prostate (green-light PVP)
answer
new alternative procedure to fix BPH
question
transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)
answer
urethra is widened by means of a small incision in the bladder neck and prostate gland
question
transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)
answer
heat capable of eliminating excess prostatic tissue is delivered to a desginated area using a device called a prostatron
question
transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)
answer
uses low-level radiofrequency energy toe eliminate excess cells
question
medications
answer
a variety of _________have been approved for the relief of BPH symptoms.
question
prostatectomy
answer
removal of the prostate gland
question
castration
answer
surgical excision of the testicles **can reduce production and secretion of hormones that stimulate growth of malignant cells
question
cryogenic surgery
answer
uses cryosurgery to freeze and thus kill cells that are hard to reach even in a radical prostatectomy
question
retropubic approach
answer
a 6-inch incision below the umbilicus allows prostate gland removal, along with pelvic lymph node dissection.
question
perineal approach
answer
the prostate is removed through an incision between the anus and scrotum (the perineum); while this does minimize visible scarring, this procedure does mean that a separate incision is required if the lymph nodes are to be removed
question
suprapubic prostatectomy
answer
involves an abdominal incision above (supra-) the symphysis pubis
question
laparoscopic approach
answer
used in some settings. It entails several tiny (1-inch) incisions, with a larger one made for actual removal of the prostate from the body; however, the long-term benefits are still being investigated.
question
adjuvant hormone therapy
answer
If PSA levels rise or there is evidence of metastasis ____ ______ _____ is used to minimize recurrence of cancer
question
cry/o
answer
cold
