Chapter 9 Language + Thought – Flashcards
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Grammer
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A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.
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Phoneme
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Smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise.
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Phonological rules
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Set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds
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Morphemes
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the smallest meaningful units of language
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Morphological rules
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Set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
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Syntactical rules
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Set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences
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Deep structure versus surface structure
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Deep structure: Meaning of a sentence Surface structure: How a sentence is worded
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There are three characteristics of language development
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Children learn language at an astonishing rate. Children make few errors while learning to speak. Children's passive mastery develops faster than their active mastery.
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10-12 months of age
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First words of an infant occur are what age?
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Fast mapping
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a phenomenon whereby children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
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Two-word speech occurs at around 24 months of age
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Two-word speech occurs at around what age for infants?
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Telegraphic speech
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speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words
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Generate complete simple sentences
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By 3 years of age children generate what?
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Babbling Stage
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At 4 months they can recognize speech sounds and enter what? Examples: various sounds (ah-goo)
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At 1 year they enter speaking single words. Example: Doggy! or Cat! this is called?
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one-word stage.
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Two-word Stage and Telegraphic speech
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By age 2, enter ________, which involves so-called _________ ("Want juice!")
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Chomsky
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All languages share a universal grammar - e.g., nouns, verbs, adjectives
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Behaviorist explanations
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state that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation (Skinner)
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Nativist Explanations
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argue that language is innate and distinct from general intelligence (Chomsky).
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Nativist theory
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language development is best explained as an innate biological capacity
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Genetic dysphasia
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a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise
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Interactionist explanations
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argue that although infants are born with the innate ability to acquire language, social interactions play a crucial role -Social experience interacts with innate, biological language abilities.
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Broca's area
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left frontal cortex; language production
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Wernicke's area
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left temporal cortex; language comprehension
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Aphasia
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difficulty in producing or comprehending language such as Brocas and Wernickes
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Rational choice theory
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View that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
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Heuristics
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Fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached
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Availability bias
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Items that are more readily availability in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
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Algorithm
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Well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem
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Conjunction fallacy
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When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
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Representativeness heuristic
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Making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event
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Framing effects
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When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased
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Sunk-cost fallacy
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People make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
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Means-ends analysis
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Process of searching of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal
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Functional fixedness
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Tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed
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Reasoning
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Mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions
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Practical reasoning
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Figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action
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Theoretical reasoning (discursive reasoning)
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Reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief
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Belief bias
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People's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid
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Syllogistic reasoning
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Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true
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Illusion of explanation depth
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Overestimation of depth of understanding (Rozenbilt and Keil); can occur as consequence of attempting to generate detailed explanation even in absence of expert descriptions
