question

What are the three major methods of intervention identified by Fey (1986):

answer

1) Clinician-Directed (CD) 2) Child-Centered (CC) 3) Hybrid

question

As an SLP what are some goals when choosing a method of intervention.

answer

a) Goal as a SLP is to have a repertoire of methods available b) Match to the needs of the client/goals being addressed c) Choose method that will maximize efficiency d) Use method that provides Greatest chance of generalization to everyday communication

question

Describe the Clinician-Directed (CD) Methods:

answer

1) Methods that clinician has most control over. Ex: Drill, drills, drill play 2) Most software would fall into this category since they are built upon drill activity.

question

What are CD Methods highly effective at?

answer

Highly effective in eliciting forms in production that child hasn't used before or used infrequently. - Great when trying to get child to produce language form for first time.

question

What are the weaknesses of CD Methods?

answer

• Often fail to generalize target forms to real communication.

question

Marc Fey discussed two ways of addressing the generalization problem when using CD methods, what were they?

answer

1) Increase naturalness of CD activities 2) Supplement CD approaches with Hybrid and CC approaches

question

CD Approaches for DL Phonology include:

answer

1) • Discrimination tasks: Child id's pictures of words containing contrasting sounds like "toe & sew" **This practice has been proven to be effective only for those children w/ difficulty differentiating during the assessment processes.**

question

Should discrimination drills be included for every child with every sound?

answer

Discrimination drill should NOT be included for every child w/ every sound. Only for those sounds that he/she cannot differentiate prior to the beginning of therapy. - Use only for those sounds the child has been shown to have difficulty differentiating in assessment results

question

When are contrastive drills drills most often used?

answer

Most often a clinician will use Contrastive drills in phonological intervention. These involve developing pairs of words in which the pairs of words differ in specific ways.

question

What are two types of contrastive drills used in the CD method?

answer

1) minimal pairs page 357 2) maximal opposition Although these methods are effective, they are not well tolerated by children preschool age which brings us to "Drill Play".

question

What is the best method of intervention at the DL using a CD approach?

answer

Drill play: Best Method!!!! Preferred form of CD intervention at this level It involves engaging a child in an activity that breaks up the monotony of simply labeling cards or repeating after a clinician. - Strong relationships between lexical and phonological development

question

What are the results when using Computer-assisted drill as a CD approach in the DL?

answer

Although children like being on the computer these approaches are neither more nor less effective than traditional approaches. - Authors of text recommend that computer assisted drill be used once the child is able to produce sounds targeted rather than at the beginning when you are trying to elicit new forms.

question

Name some of the programs using CD Approaches for DL: Semantics available.

answer

1) • Many commercial programs available to work on concepts and vocabulary (see p. 358-359) 2) Flashcards from SuperDuper or LinguiSystem, CD programs

question

When using commercial programs using the CD approach for the DL semantic level what is the format to follow?

answer

1) Imitation 2) Delayed Imitation 3) Having child use word spontaneously 4) Use word in phrases 5) Child generally repeats what clinician is saying = very programmed, very operant The above programs give clinician step by step directions.

question

What does computer software for semantics typically use?

answer

Computer software for semantics typically uses a drill or drill play format also.

question

What are the effects when using computer software targeting semantics?

answer

There are positive effects on word learning, they are not dramatically different results compared to traditional intervention.

question

Is there an area that the computer is better than flashcards when teaching semantics?

answer

One area that a computer is better than flashcards is are of TEACHING VERBS - Verb is an action and a computer can show an action moving so that a verb can be shown rather than just a static picture on a card.

question

Are there drawbacks to using computer software to teach semantics at the DL?

answer

CON: Although computers may be a good addition to language activities, the software programs don't seem to be a good replacement for an interactive environment w/ a responsive adult.

question

If a SLP chooses to use computer softward to teach semantics at the DL what are some considerations to keep in mind?

answer

- Don't want to just sit child in front of computer. - If child is at a computer an adult needs to accompany process so there is a triangular process in which the adult helps the child & interaction continues between child and adult.

question

The CD approaches for syntax and morphology have been used extensively since what time period?

answer

• CD approaches for syntax & morphology used extensively since the '70s. Some are in commercial format (p. 359)

question

The CD approaches for syntax and morphology are an alternate to what type of operant training?

answer

• An alternative to operant grammar training (see Table 9-4 Look at Training Procedures for Teaching the Syntactic Rule NP is Verb -ing through Contrasts) is to supplement more naturalistic methods with drill and drill-play activities that elicit imitation of target forms

question

Review the steps for the naturalistic method using a CD approach during the DL period for syntax and morphology.

answer

Basically there are steps, the clinician stimulus is, "What is the little girl doing?" - Client Response, "The little girl is jumping rope." - You show pictures of agents doing various actions and have a clinician stimulus and target response from client. - There are criterion for moving on to the next step. - Very Systematic as is the case w/ a CD approach

question

What do the majority of computer software target?

answer

• Vast majority of computer software targets only receptive syntax and morphology - Computer programs should be supplemented do to deficiencies.

question

What was the suggestions made by Owens in regard to assisted training?

answer

Owens suggests: assisted training works best when child and clinician participate together in the program especially when child is in the developing language stage.

question

CC Approaches for DL: ILS (Indirect Language Stimulation)

answer

...

question

The major characteristics of CC approaches for DL using ILS include:

answer

1) Contingent feedback 2) Balanced turn-taking 3) Extension of child's topic

question

Using contingent feedback a SLP would do what?

answer

Saying something that relates to what the child said/did Ex: Child draws a picture and clinician says, "Wow, you drew a nice picture. You used a lot of colors in your picture."

question

• Balanced turn-taking

answer

...

question

When using balanced turn-taking a SLP would?

answer

Let the child lead, then responding rather than using questioning or initiation to get the child to talk. Ex: Playing alongside the child and waiting for child to initiate through either words or actions before commenting.

question

What does extension of child's topic consist of?

answer

Saying something that gives more information about what the child just said. Ex: If a child picks up doll and says, "This doll is pretty." The clinician might say, "Oh yeah that doll has pretty hair. Two pretty eyes and a pretty dress on." -Gives more information back "scaffolding" cocept

question

Where can CC approaches for DL using modified ILS taken place?

answer

Can take place in a variety of contexts: Including - play w/ toys, or role plays, outdoor play, shared book reading, cooking or crafts. 1) At Emergent Language stage no goals are set for ILS just an increase in communication. 2) Different in Developing Language Stage where ILS is more contrived and SLP targets specific goals.

question

What does modified DL using ILS involve:

answer

• Child-centered play contexts • Provide multiple meaningful models of target forms Refer to ILS in Developing Language stage as Modified ILS.

question

Describe a play setting using the CC approach for DL including modified ILS.

answer

- Rather than using self-talk and parallel talk in an unstructured play setting SLP provides contrived play setting where selected materials are available for child and activities are used that will make it highly probable that target forms and meanings will arise.

question

Given the example of past-tense verbs how might a clinician structure the play environment using a CC approach for DL including modified ILS.

answer

1) Would set up an environment that was likely that child would need to use past-tense verb forms or that the clinician could model past-tense verb forms. 2) Suggest giving toys like a garage, playhouse and then as child manipulates the toys and narrates. "He went into the house. He found a little dog and he said, hi." 3) If child begins to model clinician's narration of form either correctly or incorrectly. The SLP would incorporate: Expansion, extension, recast sentences and build up & breakdown forms of ILS feedback to the child.

question

CC Approaches for DL: Recasts

answer

...

question

T/F Fey, (2000) did not advocate recast sentences using the CC approach?

answer

False, (Fey, 2000) did advocate recast sentences since they are particularly effective form of ILS w/ children in DL period.

question

What does the CC approach for DL include when involving recast sentences?

answer

Immediately recasting the child's utterance into a different syntactic form that retains the child's meaning.

question

T/F you are either correcting the form or expanding on what the child has said to increase the syntactic complexity when using recast sentences as a CC approach during DL period.

answer

True

question

How does using recast sentences as a CC approach during the DL period help children?

answer

Helps children see how language rules work to provide several different ways of expressing similar semantic relations

question

T/F Using recast sentences has some negative implications on language growth in a variety of disabilities?

answer

False, recast sententences has positive effects on language growth in a variety of disabilities.

question

When woulld using recast sentences as a CC approach during the DL stage work best?

answer

Recasts = Work best when children are already producing a few of the target forms in their own speech

question

Describe some additional CC approaches used during the DL stage that are used as language elicitation techniques.

answer

• Violate routines/expectations • Withhold objects or turns • Misuse/Misname/Misplace objects • Providing inappropriate objects for activity • Games: "Pass it on" Ex: Clinician might ask, "Do you know where the juice is?" Client, "No" Clinician: "Go see if Jamie knows where it is." Client would ask next person, "Do you know where the juice is?" • "Strong, silent type" - Clinician says, "This is neat!" Client, "What is it?" Clinician, "A barometer" and obviously a child won't know what barometer is so clinician doesn't respond until child asks for more information. • "Guess What"

question

Why is using CC approaches for DL parent training useful using ILS ?

answer

Can use approaches for parents, day care providers and basically any caregiver. - It expands child's language opportunity across all the child's communication settings.

question

Several components shared by successful parent training programs include:

answer

...

question

What are some successful components used during CC approaches for DL parent training using ILS that can be taught?

answer

• Focus on specific language facilitation strategies Ex: modeling, expansion, recasts, imitation, responsive feedback, etc. • Use multiple instructional methods Ex: Demonstrating, coaching, role playing, mediating parent/child interactions. One that is very helpful is video recorded examples that parents can view w/ clinician and ask right then questions that they may have. • Teach a progression of skills and strategies embedded in specific activities. Ex: Targeting different skills while engaging in different activities.

question

What type of questioning techniques can a SLP teach parents using the CC approach for DL for ILS?

answer

Encourage use of questions in interactions = Open-ended questions Teaching caregivers to ask questions followed by a pause. Gives child time to process rather than jump in w/ answer.

question

CC Approaches for DL: Facilitated Play

answer

...

question

T/F using facilitated play is not highly motivating for children in the DL stage?

answer

False

question

What are some benefits of using facilitated play as a CC approach for DL?

answer

- Permits integration of content, form, and use - Encourages child to use everyday scripts to support new language use Think about how and what a child plays w/ cars on a road map, what would a child say or do. There is different roles and scenes acted out.

question

What does play enhance?

answer

• Narrative ability by engaging a child in direct metalinguistic planning of roles, plans, and outcomes to be acted out in a play.

question

What does play facilitate?

answer

Turn-taking by contriving reasons to communicate w/in play.

question

What does play used as a CC approach for DL increase and enhance?

answer

•Increases opportunities for Decontextualized language use • Increases Vocabulary development • Enhances Communicative intentions • Helps develop Emergent literacy

question

Describe a hybrid approach used in DL.

answer

As name implies "hybrid" approach is a combination of clinician directed and child-centered approaches.

question

Hybrid Approaches Are:

answer

• More naturalistic and child-centered than CD approaches, yet more structured, sequenced and clinician controlled than ILS or facilitated play.

question

What does incidental teaching involve used during the DL period using a hybrid approach?

answer

arranging the setting so that things a child wants or needs to complete a project are out of reach. Results in requiring them to make requests.

question

What does milieu teaching involve used during the DL period using a hybrid approach?

answer

Imitating the child, turn taking, recasts & generally creating a need for communication w/in a routine using a variety of different methods.

question

What is the name of the popular hybrid approach used in phonology created by and called? Approach.

answer

Hobson = Cycles

question

What does the Cycles approach involve?

answer

• Cycling method of goal attack is used: Cycle through different targets . - One week might focus on eliminating phonological process of "fronting" - Next week might focus on consonant cluster reduction, then liquid simplification. - Once cycled through all of the targets child needed would start voer focusing on first target again. -

question

What does each Cycles therapy session include?

answer

• Reviewing targets • Auditory bombardment • Practicing production using a (small number of words) • Identifying new words for next session • Repeating auditory bombardment • Giving parents a list of the words for auditory bombardment at home

question

Where is the Cycles therapy session done?

answer

Done in a play setting in which clinician sets up environment so target forms are likely to be used.

question

Why is the Cycles approach considered a hybrid approach?

answer

***This approach is considered hybrid because parts of the session are very structured and controlled by clinician while other activities are less structured and more about setting up environment to increase likelihood of target form usage.

question

What does the hybrid Approach for DL using focused stimulation facilitate?

answer

• Weismer and Robertson (2006) Focused Stimulation approach to facilitate grammar acquisition in preschoolers

question

T/F Weismer and Robertson also pointed out that focused stimulation could be used for phonology, vocabulary, pragmatics, and morphology?

answer

True

question

Describe focused stimulation therapy used during the DL period (hybrid)—

answer

therapy focuses on specific forms and uses multiple models with a variety of forms of clinician feedback to stimulate language goals.

question

T/F focused stimulation targets forms used by the child <50%?

answer

True

question

Name some focused stimulation procedures (12):

answer

1) Demonstrating use of targets 2) Expansion 3) Recast 4) Buildups and breakdowns 5) false assertions 6) feigned misunderstandings 7) Forced choices 8) Other contingent quiries 9) Violating Routines 10) Witholding objects and turns 11) Violating Object Function 12) Syntax stories

question

T/F Focused stimulation procedures can only be used to target grammar?

answer

False, can use this by changing explanation and example to focus on vocabulary, morphology or pragmatics.

question

Hybrid approaches to script therapy event structures reduce what?

answer

• Reduces the cognitive load of language training by embedding it in the context of a familiar routine (Olswang & Bain, 1991) Ex: ordering food in a restaurant; grocery shopping, going to the library, etc. - • Play provides background, but focus is on using target language (new vocabulary or syntax)

question

Hybrid Approaches for DL: Script Therapy Event Structures (cont.)

answer

...

question

Describe what you would experience if you were a clinician using the script therapy event structure.

answer

• Clients act out and recite entire event structure • Repeat enactment-trading roles • Add variations to event structure • Clinician plays a role and violates expected events in script • Scripts serve as framework for developing vocabulary and morphosyntax

question

T/F when using script therapy event structures the client and clinician use props to act out, with clinician first modeling verbal script

answer

True

question

T/F Cloze procedures cannot be used to elicit large parts of verbal scripts from child.

answer

False, cloze procedures used to elicit increasingly large parts of verbal scripts from child.

question

When using the script therapy event structure how could a clinician place increased communicative demands on the child?

answer

Clinician plays a role and violates expected events in a script which adds variety and places increases communicative demands on child.

question

T/F Scripts serve as a framework but focus is on developing vocabulary and morphosyntax.

answer

True

question

What is difference between the hybrid approach for script therapy event structures and child centered play discussed earlier.

answer

- Child centered play is more open ended - Script therapy event structures: Clinician takes on a stronger leadership role in the activity modeling what the child is supposed to say during the script and requesting the child say the target forms. Very similar to child centered play but more structured and feels more contrived.

question

Using hybrid approaches for DL script therapy literature-based scripts what are the advantages of joint book reading.

answer

• Picture books are of interest to children • Natural, familiar format for adult-child interactions • Repetitive language closely tied to pictures; when you're looking at picture books it helps child's receptive language. • Easy to Establish joint attention; • Ideal way to Practice & stabilize language skills

question

During joint reading what can adults do to assist a child's reading contribution?

answer

• During joint reading, Adults scaffold child's reading contribution; If a child makes a comment then the adult can easily scaffold on what the child was commenting about.

question

T/F just reading books to children does constitutes intervention.

answer

False, must structure the joint book reading experience

question

In addition to books what do clinicians include in literature based scripts?

answer

• Songs, rhymes, and finger plays (Box 9-7) included in literature based scripts. Inclue: Hickory dickory doc, Jack and Jill, Farmer in the Dell, Where is Thumbkin, Old Mother Hubbard.

question

What are some advantages of literature based scripts?

answer

• Ideal homework activity for families • Adds to children's cultural literacy

question

T/F Brinton & Fujiki (1994, 1995) found guided conversation supports skills being targeted?

answer

True, they have presented example programs for using conversation as a context for intervention.

question

What two types of conversational behaviors are focused on using the hybrid structured play--conversation approach?

answer

1) Assertive Skills 2) Responsive Skills

question

Children with poor assertive skills can be supported using the guided conversation to support skills by...

answer

Engage child in entertaining interactive activity where they child must do something to sustain interaction, although child's contribution can be minimal. Ex: "Go Fish"—child must initiate play; demands on the child increased - Eventually would try to get child to take on more of an assertive role upping demands of child. • Later make format less structured;

question

What is the goal of structured play--conversation?

answer

Engage in peer conversations where the clinician might serve as coach offering advice, cues, or prompts as the client engages in conversation w/ one peer and then w/ several.

question

Children who have trouble with responsiveness can be supported by using the guided conversation skills by...

answer

Ideas: Set up turn exchanges (walkie-talkies) Client and clinician talk to each other and signal when turn is over saying, "over." Ex: If -ing is target the client an clinician can talk about or describe what they are doing to the conversational partner. I am walking down the hall.; I am drinking water from the fountain.

question

What do Briton & Fujiki advocate once beginning responsiveness activities using structured play -- conversation.

answer

- Move from above activities to more collaborative games where the client needs to attend to information provided by conversational partner. - Ex: Client would need to take orders from a fast food menu. - They would need to go to different conversational partners asking them questions and listening to answers. - Requires them to engage in successful conversational exchanges to complete activity.

question

How are story re-enactments used w/ the hybrid approaches for DL structured play--narrative?

answer

Children listen to simple stories (provide preparatory set first to focus attention on basic elements) - If familiar story, have them recall setting, characters, basic problem, plans & goals, consequences - If new story, have children listen for certain elements so they can answer questions later - After reading/telling, ask questions (repeated answering of these types of questions helps children learn story grammar) - Asking about characters, problem, consequences in story.

question

T/F often clinicians would act as a narrator getting forms produced by child using the structured play-conversation approach?

answer

True

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