Chapter 9 Eating disorders – Flashcards
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What are the three types of eating disorders?
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Anorexia nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge eating
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What are the main symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
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A refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight Intense fears of being overweight Distorted view of body image and shape Amenorrhea
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What are the two subtypes of Anorexia Nerovosa?
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Restricting type Binge eating/purging type
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What is the restricting type?
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Lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks-eventually restricting nearly all food. They also show almost no variability in diet.
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What is the binge eating/ Purge type?
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Lose weight by vomiting after meals, abusing laxatives, or engaging in excessive exercise. Like those with bulimia nervosa, people with this subtype may engage in eating binges
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What percentage of anorexia cases are females?
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90-95%
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What is the peak age for anorexia nervosa?
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14-18 years
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What percentage of females develop anorexia nervosa in Western societies?
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.5-3.5%
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Rates of Anorexia nervosa are increasing in what countries?
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North America, Europe, and Japan
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In a typical case, people with Anorexia nervosa develop this disorder after what type of events?
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-Separation of parents -Move or life transition -Experience of personal failure
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Most victims recover from Anorexia Nervosa by what percentage dies from this disorder?
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2-6%
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The key goal for people with Anorexia Nervosa is becoming thin. The driving motivation is fear of what three things?
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1. Of becoming obese 2. Of giving into the desire to eat 3.Of losing control of body shape and weight
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Despite the fact that people with Anorexia Nervosa are on dietary restrictions, they are usually extremely preoccupied with what?
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Food
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A person with Anorexia nervosa will also think in distorted ways like what?
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-Usually have a low opinion about body shape -Tend to overestimate their actual proportions -Hold maladaptive attitudes and misperceptions
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People with Anorexia nervosa might display what psychological problems?
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-Depression (usually mild) -Anxiety -Low self esteem -Insomnia or other sleep disturbances -Substance abuse -OCD -Perfectionism
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What medical problems come with Anorexia nervosa?
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-Amnorrhea -Low body temperature -low blood pressure -Body swelling -Reduced bone density -Slow heart rate -Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances -Dry skin, brittle nails -poor circulation -Lanugo
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What is Bulimia nervosa?
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Bouts of uncontrolled eating during a limited amount of time
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Bulimia nervosa is also characterized by inappropriate compensatory behaviors like?
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-Vomiting -Misusing laxatives, diuretics, or enemas -fasting -exercising excessively
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What percentage of cases of Bulimia nervosa occur in females?
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90-95%
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What is the peak age on onset for Bulima Nervosa?
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15-21 years old
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How long does bulimia nervosa last for?
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Several years with periodic letup
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True or false: are patients with bulimia nervosa normal weight?
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True
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How many binges does an individual with bulimia nervosa have a week?
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1-30
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When people binge it is usually carried out in what?
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Secret
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In bulimia nervosa, binges involve eating massive amounts of food rapidly with little to no what?
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Chewing
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People with bulimia nervosa have their binges, they usually eat what kind of food?
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Sweet foods with soft textures
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A binge eater commonly consumes around ____ per pings episode and may exceed _____ calories in a day
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3,000 10,000
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Binges are usually followed by feelings of great what?
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Tension
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Although the binge itself may be pleasurable, it is usually followed by feelings of extreme what?
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Self blame, guilt, depression, and fears of weight gain, and being discovered
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After a binge, people with bulimia nervosa try to compensate for and try to do what?
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Undo the caloric effect
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In Bulimia Nervosa, the most common compensatory behavior is what?
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Vomiting
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Why is vomiting not an ideal way to get rid of calories?
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-fails to prevent half of the calories already that have been absorbed -repeated vomiting affects ability to feel satiated which means greater hunger-greater binging
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Why does laxatives and diuretics completely fail to get rid of calorie intake?
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Because most calories have already been absorbed
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What are the differences of bulimia nervosa vs anorexia nervosa?
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-People with bulimia nervosa are more worried about pleasing others -people with bulimia nervosa tend to be more sexually experienced and active -people with bulimia are more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance ,and poor coping skills -people with bulimia nervosa tend to be controlled by emotion-change friends easily -people with bulimia nervosa more than 1/3 display characteristics of personality disorders. -People with bulimia also only half get amnorhea and they suffer a lot of damage from laxatives and vomiting
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like those with bulimia, individuals with ___ ___ ____ in repeated eating binges in which they feel that they have no control
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binge eating disorder
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people with binge eating disorder do not perform what like bulimia nervosa?
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Compensatory behaviors
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Because binge eating disorder individuals do not have compensatory behaviors 2/3 are more likely to be what?
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overweight or obese
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What percentage of the population displays binge eating disorder?
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2-7%
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Globally, what percentage of students report periodic binge eating or self-induced vomiting?
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25-50%
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Is binge eating more common in men or women?
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Both equal
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What are the leading factors that lead to eating disorders?
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-Biological factors -Psychological problems -Sociocultural conditions
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Who developed a psychodynamic theory on eating disorders?
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Hilde Bruch
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What did Bruch's eating disorder theory say?
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eating disorders are a result of disturbed mother-child interactions, which lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child and to severe cognitive disturbances
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Bruch argues that parents may respond to their child ____ or _____
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effectively or ineffectively
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In Bruch's theory, effective parents do what?
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accurately attend to a child biological and emotional needs
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In Bruch's theory, ineffective parents do what?
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fail to attend to a childs internal needs; they feed when the child is anxious, comfort when the child is tired etc
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Many people with eating disorders, particularly those with bulimia nervosa, experience symptoms of what?
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Depression
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Theorists believe that mood disorders sets the stage for what?
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Eating disorders
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What empirical support is there for people with eating disorders also have mood disorders?
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-Many more people with eating disorder qualify for a clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder, more than do people in the general population -Close relatives of those with eating disorders seem to have higher rates of mood disorders -People with eating disorders, especially those with bulimia nervosa, have serotonin abnormalities -People with eating disorders are helped with antidepressant meds
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Other theorist believe that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of the what?
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Hypothalamus
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What two parts of the hypothalamus controls eating?
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Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus
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What does the lateral hypothalamus do?
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Hunger
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What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?
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Satiation
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What members of certain subcultures are at more risk than other subcultures?
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models, actors, dancers, and certain athletes
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Historically, women from a higher SES expressed concerned about what?
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thinness and dieting
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A recent survey of adolescent girls has tied disorders and body dissatisfaction to what?
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social networking, Internet activities, and television browsing
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What did the influential family theorist, Salvador Minuchin believe?
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enmeshed family patterns often lead to eating disorders. these patters include over involvement and over concern on other family members lives
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In 1995 a study found that eating behaviors and attitudes of young african american women were more positive than whom?
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White american women
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Males account for what percentage of all cases of eating disorders?
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5-10%
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What are the two reasons of why men are less likely to develop an eating disorder versus women?
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1. Western cultures have a doubled standard 2. When wanting to lose weight men tend to exercise while women diet
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It seems that some men develop eating disorders as linked to the requirements and pressures of a job or sport. The highest rates of eating disorder have been found amongst what?
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-Jockeys -Wrestlers -Long distance runners -Body builders -Swimmers
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A new eating disorder has emerged and it is exclusively for men. What is it?
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-reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphobia
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what are the two main goals for treating eating disorders?
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-correct dangerous eating disorders -address broader psychological and situational factors that have led to, and are maintaining, the eating problem
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The initial aims of treatment for anorexia nervosa is?
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-regain lost weight -recover from malnourishment -eat normally again
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What is the most popular weight restoration technique for anorexia nervosa?
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combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high calorie diets (usually takes up to 8-12 weeks)
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Researchers have found that people with anorexia nervosa must overcome their underlying psychological problems to achieve what?
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lasting improvements
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In most treatment programs, a combination of what two things?
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behavioral and cognitive interventions are applied
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The immediate aims for treatment of bulimia nervosa is what?
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-eliminate binge purge patterns -establish good eating habits -eliminate the underlying cause of bulimic patterns
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What behavioral techniques are helpful in helping to treat individuals with bulimia nervosa?
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-Diaries and Exposure and Response Prevention are using to break binge and purge cycles
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What cognitive techniques are helpful in helping to treat individuals with bulimia nervosa?
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-help clients recognize and change maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape -teach individuals to identify and challenge the negative thoughts that precede the urge to binge
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Antidperessants help up to what percentage of bulimia nervosa patients?
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40%
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Treatment provides immediate, significant improvement in what percentage of patients?
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40%
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Follow up studies suggest that 10 years after treatment about what percentage of patients have fully or partially recovered.
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75%
