Chapter 9 and 10- The French Revolution and Napoleonic Europe, 1789-1815 – Flashcards
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1. What was the French Revolution 2. France 3. King 4. Queen
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Introduction
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A time when people of France overthrew the absolute monarchy. Then they attempted to replace it with a government that had ideas based on the Enlightenment 1789: Starts the Age of Revolution 1500s-1789- Age of Absolutism 1789-1917- Age of Revolutions
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What was the French Revolution
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Advanced in culture, somewhat wealthy, and prestigious.
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France
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Louis XVI (1774-1793)- good guy, but was influenced very easily. Was overthrown and executed
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King
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Marie Antoinette (Habsburg)- was not a favorite
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Queen
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1. Problems of the Old Regime 2. Enlightenment ideas 3. Social Class Unrest
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Causes of the French Revolution
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1. Debt- bubble crisis, Versailles, wars, and not taxing the clergy and nobles. 2. Failure of Reform- was not able to change, like taxing clergy and nobles 3. Drought and bad harvest- 1780s- poor, the food cost increased *This all lead to a Financial Crisis*
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Problems of the Old Regime
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Philosophes criticized absolutism, there was a desire to reform
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Enlightenment Ideas
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1. Upper class- 10%- Nobles and Clergy -They were not being taxed Privileges: Tax Exemption Status and Held Gov. Position 2. Middle Class- 20% -Bourgeoisie- Wealthy business men, pay a lot of taxes, no political power -Professionals- Doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc. -Shopkeepers- grocery store owners 3. Lower Class- 70% -City poor/workers- cashiers, increase in price of bread -Peasants- small farmer, own or loaned land -higher taxes, there is some feudalism left
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Social Class Unrest
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1.1788-Louis XVI calls Estates General 2. Estates General 3. Differences between Estates General and Witan 4. 1788-9- Preparation of Cahiers 5. Old and New Rules: The King has to decide
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Catalyst: Financial Crisis
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-It has not been called for a very long time -He called it because he wanted to prove to the nobles that the people would want reforms
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1788-Louis XVI calls Estates General
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First Estate: Clergy (300) Second Estate: Nobles (300) Third Estate: All you other people (600) -Debate about rules
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Estates General
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1. Estates General had 3 houses while Parliament had 2 houses 2. EG did not develop a tradition of meeting 3. EG never developed any power
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Differences between Estates General and Witan
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-People would list out problems of France -Then they would decide what to do to solve the problems
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1788-9- Preparation of Cahiers
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Old: Estates meet up separately and each estate would get one vote. Nothing would get done. 2/3 or 3/3 had to agree to make it legal New: All meet up at once; there would be an individual vote *But the King ultimately decided which way the Esates General would be run*
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Old and New Rules: The King has to decide
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1789- 1.May 5- First Meeting 2. June 17- National Assembly 3. June 20- Tennis Court Oath 4. July 14- Storming of the Bastille
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Chronology of the French Revolution- 1789 REMEMBER
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announcement: "old rules apply!"
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May 5- First Meeting
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3rd Estates declares itself a National Assembly
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June 17- National Assembly
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-Promised to stick together -The NA would continue to meet until they have produced a constitution
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June 20- Tennis Court Oath
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-fear began to build up -fear of the king coming to Paris and killing everyone -Rioting begins; they want weapons so they go to the Bastille -Gatehouse of the Paris Walls -Relic of Middle Ages; symbol of Old Regime -Tearing it down proved that the people did not want the Old Regime -was a prison- 7 people in it
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July 14- Storming of the Bastille
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1. Great Fear 2. August 4 3. August 27 4. Lacking 5. So Now what?
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1789
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July 20- Aug 6 -The storming of the bastille made people fear that the king would retaliate. -Took place in the country-side -Huge uprising of peasants in the country side due to thinking the king would be hacked. -mass violent behavior; attacking nobles and nuns
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Great Fear
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Law of August 4th- National Assembly passed laws stating/goals --> to clam the Great Fear 1. abolishing the rest of feudalism 2. abolished privileges of the nobles 3. abolished debt 4. abolished tithe
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August 4
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Declaration of the Rights of man and Citizen -Preamble of constitution;2 views 1. Enlightened doc- statement of natural rights and effort to reform 2. Doesn't make men equal, sets up new social classes -social distinction can only be found in goods. on opportunity to get power.
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August 27
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October- Paris women march Versailles about food prices -"king we don't think you are about us women, we are hungry and so are our kids" we want you to move back to Paris
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Lacking
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1789-1791- N.A. passes 2000+ laws -mainly arrived at dismantling the old Regime -nobles fles France--> emigrés
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So Now what?
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-july 12 -Provisions 1. government confiscated all church lands 2. government would control the church 3. from now on Priest and bishops will be elected (might not go to heaven) SIG: Divided France- Constitutional Clergy and Refractory Clergy -Constitutional Clergy- these were elected -Refractory Clergy- old clergy who were upset due to these new elected clergy members -huge blunder- conflicted with religious values.
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1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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-Constitutional Monarchy- limited monarch, government similar to England, Enlightenments power to govern -Legislative Assembly - 745 people make laws (bourgeiose) -Executive- King (no veto) right to pass down power to son -Judicial Branch- appointed by L.A. *no real checks and balances -reaction: king hated it
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1791- Constitution of 1791
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-Constitution of 1791- (Constitution of anarchy)- felt that king was too limited -Reaction- people on both sides had problems with constitution -June 20-21- Louis XVI and family attempted to leave France -October- First meeting of Legislative Assembly (lasts about 10 months) -People who don't like the constitution --> Left side -Middle is undecided -Right side likes Constitution *Left and Right sides develop into political parties -Right-constituional monarchists, France had a king since Clovis showed stability -Left- Girondins- favored going to war: felt revolution should spread to other countries from provinces.
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1791
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Didn't think constitution made enough reforms -they eventually split off Bigger Picture: Political spectrum comes from this
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Jacobins
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-Place value on tradition; favored change in a step by step change; gradual over time
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Conservatives
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see both sides; no strong views
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Moderates
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Don't value traditions; favor change/value and favor big sweeping changes, and extreme or radical views
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Liberalists
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by issue of Declaration of Pillnitz (August) -Austria will intervine in France to help King only if other countries go and support -Girondins were worried about invasion
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L.A. fragments into Factions
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April 20- France declares war on Austria- invades ustria, Netherlands; does poorly July 25- Brunswick Manifesto; issued statement, leader of anti force; worried radical elements would get to the king if anything happens to ruling family; I will burn down Paris. people started to riot August 10- "Second Revolution"- L.A. overthrows King and he is imprisoned, commune calls for new government. People trying to restore order- commune no real power but could drive for events September- "Massacres" September 20- National Convention (N.C) -meets (1792-1795) [fear that Austria and Prussia will attack Paris] produces new constitution of 1795. *Provisional government- temporary government that does two things 1. runs the country 2. writes a new constitution (more liberal, a lot of more change) September 21- N.C. declares a republic
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1792
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January 21- Louis XVI is executed February 1- France declares war on Britain and the Netherlands
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1793
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1. Carry on the war 2. write a new constitution 3. abolish primogeniture- equally divided property 4. create public schools 5. Adopt the new metric system 6. Create a new calendar (Sept. 22, 1792 is Day 1, year I) 7. Renamed streets/towns/months that had any religious reference.
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Actions of the National Convention
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1. Revolutionary Tribunal -Charles Francois Dumouriz (ed, French general who was outstandid, not only saved France but conquered Astrian Habsburg/Netherlands. 2. Committee Public Safety -Maximilien Robespierre- a lot of concern of convention being overthrown- counterrevolutionists -they were a great number and might overthrow the constitution -Dealt with the counterrevolutionist by killing them
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Two Committees
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May 1793-July 1794 -Adopted guillotine -tons of people died
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Reign of Terror
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July- Reign of Terror ends with the execution of Robespierre SIG: end of the most extreme phase of French Revolution
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1794
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August Constitution of 1795 Legislative- two house- L.A. Executive- Directors (5) Judicial- Supreme Court -Problems of the Directory (1795-1799) 1. Financial crisis never been solved 2. Bread prices were still high --> causing riots 3. Tremendous corruption politically -overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte - not stable -doesnt work well - 5 men -not liked or respected -relying on military to keep power
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1795
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Background: 1769- born in Corscia, 6 siblings, parents were minor nobles 1778- military school- Brienne, France 1784- Erote Militare- Paris -intelligent, loved studying classical history -commissioned 2nd Lt. 1795- In prison, he agrees to clear Paris streets of rioters Supporter of French Revolution -Publically supported Robspierre, which made him go to jail Government was probably going to be overthrown, so they had to find a general to clear the streets or riots -Napoleon wants pardon and command army from the 2 directors "Whiff of Grapeshot" -fight against infantry -canon -people stopped rioting by firing on the French
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Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
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v. Austria- treaty of Campo Formolo (ended fighting in North Italy) -wife- Josphine de Btaunatnals -he was very brave- did not think he would die in battle -"there is no bullet meant for me"
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1796-1797- North Italian Campaign
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v. Britain in Egypt -fought Britain in Egypt because he couldn't fight Britain in Britain Sig of Egypt: Britain sailed to Egypt to go to India, so Napoleon tried to cut off Britains trade with India -wins many battles but ends up loosing Rosetta Stone: 3 languages - Greek, Demotic, and Hieroglyphics Battle of the Nile- British attacked French Navy off the coast of the Nile R. -France now couldn't get supplies so they gave up the campaign. -He went back to France and saw the Directory was not doing good and figured out that his wife was having an affair.
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1798- Near Eastern Campaign
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-Coupdétat- overthrow of government by a small group of people -Constitution of 1799 GOV: the Consulate (3 consuls) -still had 3 branches and separation of powers -Napoleon became first consul -Plebiscite- law or constitution that people voted on whether or not they wanted it
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1799 February Coupdétat of Brumaire
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Constitution of 1802 -First Consul for life
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1802
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Constitution of 1804 - Napoleon is emperor of France
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1804
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Napoleon I, Emperor of the French -people felt like Napoleon betrayed them
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1804-1814
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1. Organization *Code Napoleon- most important reform -law code- rewrote and reorganized the laws of France -great improvement - no more confusion -->embodied ideas of the Enlightenment A. Equality under the law--> men -no privileges for nobles - no feudalism B. Religious Toleration 2. Diplomacy -how countries negotiate with countries -advance interest without giving much --> Concordat of 1801 - made it with the church, got rid of the Refractory ---> Louisiana- sold the Louisiana Purchase to U.S SIG: Built America, sold something he did not want 3. Military -genius -master of arterially -won numerous of victories
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Napoleon's Great Skills
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Background: -Continuation of the wars that started in 1792 -more intense- caused a lot of fear -there was a fear of France becoming THE balance of power -all other countries gang up on France and form coalitions -Britain is always in a coalition
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Napoleonic Wars
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october 21- Battle of Trafalgar -Lord Admiral Horatio Nelson was British -Naval Battle -It started because Napoleon wanted to defeat England -so France would go to Netherlands, pick up troops, and then invade England -Britain caught them at the mouth of Gibraltar -Britain destroyed French Army SIG: -It saved Britain from being invaded by France - Britain dominated the seas
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1805- Battle of Trafalgar
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-December 2 -commanded by Napoleon - France vs. Coalition of Russians and Austrians -Napoleon got a major win and won the battle SIG: Britain dominates seas and Napoleon dominates the land
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1805- Battle of Austerlitz, Austria
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-Prussia loses the war -Napoleon ceases power in Berlin -Lowest point for the Prussians -He makes a set of laws called the Berlin Decrees and sets up the Continental System
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1806- Prussia declares war on France
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-Its purpose was the defeat the British -It was a form of Economic Warfare What it was: No one was allowed, in the continent of Europe, to trade with Britain -This HURT Britain but it did not DESTROY Britain -It HURT Europe in general a lot. -It backfired
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Continental System
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-Russia loses against France -Treaty of Tilsit: Russians agree to join the continental system. Therefore the Russians would not trade with Britain.
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1807- Russia declares war on France
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-Napoleon's brother, Joseph, is king of Spain -Spanish Revolt: The Spanish revolted against Joseph and Napoleon. It lasted for five years and eventually the Spanish were successful. SIG: Used Guerilla Warfare- tactics, raids, ambush (one army is too weak or terrain makes it too hard to fight a pitch battle. -British Aid: Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington) -Arthur studied Napoleon and his battles.
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1808- Spain
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Napoleon defeated this coalition
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1809- Battle of Wagram
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These were the best years for Napoleon -Marriage to Marie-Louis Habsburg and birth of his son -Reorganization of Europe: France became THE balance of power
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1810-11
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Russian Tsar Alexander I withdraws from the coalition -Napoleon invades Russia with an army of 611,000 men. -His goal was to get to St. Petersburg and invade. -Found a little troop of Russian army and they retreated. -He went forward and found them again and again the Russians retreated. -This happened a couple of times, so Napoleon ended up following that troop all the way to Moscow (980 miles)
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1812- Napoleon goes to Russia
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-1812 -"win by defense and retreat. Then go farther into the country. The winter our ally would then take their life." 1. Retreat into you own country 2. Destroyed villages, farms, made people leave so as Napoleon goes farther away from his supplies and country, he will not be able to forage 3. Winter would come and destroy them; The Russians would not lose, even if it came to destroying their own land and killing their own people
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Russians use "Scorched Earth" as a tactic to defend Russia
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-In Russia, near Moscow -Bloody Battle -Napoleon won
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Battle of Borodino- 1812
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-September 14 -Russians burned down their own city, Moscow -They did this so Napoleon could not spend the winter there --> Advanced "Scorched Earth" -Napoleon could not believe that the Russians would burn their own beautiful city
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Napoleon Reaches Moscow-1812
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-October 19 -Terrible Retreat from Russia -So brutal and cold, men were dropping like flies -came in with 611,000 men and left with 100,000 men SIG: Napoleon lost most of his army; and his army would never be the same
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The Terrible Retreat-1812
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-another coalition formed -October 15- Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) -Biggest battle in Europe until WWII -Napoleon lost this battle and retreats back to France
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1813- Battle of Leipzig
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-March 31- Paris surrenders -April 3- Napoleon Abdicates -The Congress of Vienna meets 1. Napoleon is exiled to Elba 2. Louis XVIII is King of France 3. France's 1792 boundaries are restored
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1814- Exile of Napoleon
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-March 1- Beginning of Hundred Days- Napoleon returns to France -Napoleon escapes Elba and gets a couple of officers together. - Louis XVIII sends troops to capture him, but they are the same troops that fought with Napoleon and they side with him. Louie sends more and more men and they all side with Napoleon. Soon Napoleon ends up with a small army -March 20- Napoleon reaches Paris is restored as Emperor of the French, since Louis XVIII fled. -Britain and Prussia prepare armies
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1815- Napoleon escapes and regroups
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-June 18- Battle of Waterloo Britain: Arthur Wellesley (Wellington) Prussia: Gephard Blücher France: Napoleon Bonaparte -Battle ends up being very close -Prussia ends up finding their way to the battle just as Napoleon pulls out his reserves. -VERY close battle, but England and Prussia end up winning -Since France lost, this determined the course of the 19th century
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Battle of Waterloo- 1815
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-June 22- Napoleon Abdicates the throne again -Surrenders to the British -July 8- Louis XVIII returns to Paris -Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena, a island in the Atlantic Ocean, closest continent was Africa. -1815- End of the Age of Napoleon and the French Revolution
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1815- Napoleon Abdicates again
