question

memory

answer

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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encoding

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the processing of information into the memory system for example by extracting meaning

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storage

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the retention of encoded information over time

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retrieval

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the process of getting information out of memory storage

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sensory memory

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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short term memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly such as the seven digits of a phony number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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long term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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working memory

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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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information processing system, encoding, storage, retrieval

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a model of how memory works can help us think about how we form and retrieve memories. one often used model is a computer's ----------- which is in some ways similar to human memory. to remember any even we must get information into our brain -------, retain that information -------, and later get it back out ------. a computer also stores, encodes, and retrieves information.

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literal, fragile, slower

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the computer information processing model has its limits. our memories are less ---------- and more ------ than a computers. moreover, most computers process information speedily but sequentially, even while alternating between tasks. the brain is ------ but does many things at once.

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connectionism, activation patterns

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psychologists have proposed several information processing models of memory. one modern model, ---------- views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks. specific memories aris from particular ----------- within these networks.

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atkinson, shiffrin, sensory memory, short-term memory, rehearsal, long-term memory, long term memory, working memory, flashlight, important, stimuli, long term memory, new, old, problems

answer

in an older but easier to picture than the information processing model, ------- and ------- proposed that we form memories in three stages. we first record to be-remembered information as a fleeting ------. from there, we process information into a -------- bin, where we encode it through ------. the third step is that information moves into ------------- for later retrieval. although its important and helpful, this three step process is limited and fallible. there is a modified more simple version, with two important new concepts. some information skips atkinson and shiffrins first two stages and is processed directly and automatically into -------------- without our conscious awareness. the second update is that ------------, a newer understanding of atkinson and shiffrins second stage, concentrates on the active processing of information in this intermediate stage. because we cant possibly focus on all the information bombarding our senses at once, we shine the ----- beam of attention on cetrain incoming stimuli, often those that are --------. we process these incoming ---------- along with information we retrieve from ------in temporary working memory. working memory associates -- and --- information and solves ------.

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parallel processing, automatically process, space, time, frequency, well-learned material

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thanks to your brains capacity for simultaneous activity or -------------, an enormous amount of multitasking goes on without your conscious attention. for example, without conscious effort you ---------- information about. four things including -----, -------. ---------. -------.

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space, encode

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without conscious effort you automatically process infromation about --------. in this, while studying you --------- the place on a page where certain material appears, later when struggling to recall that information, you may visualize its location.

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time, sequence

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about --------. while going about your day you unintentionally note the sequence of the days events. later when you realize youve left your coat somewhere you can re-create that ------ and retrace your steps.

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frequency

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about -----------. you effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen, thus enabling you to realize that this is the third time ive run into her today

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well learned material

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about -----. for example, when you see words in your native language, perhaps on the side of a delivery truck, you cannot help but register their meaning. at such times, automatic processing is so effortless that its difficult to shut off

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true

answer

t or f? at some times automatic processing is so effortless that its difficult to shut off

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effort, automatically

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we learn many skills this way. we learn to drive, to text, to speak, read first will full attention and great --------- and then more ------.

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effortful processing, effort, durable, accesible

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this is called what? we encode and retain vast amounts of information automatically, but we remember other types of infromation, such as this chapters concepts only with ---- and attention.this kind of procesing often produces ------ and ----- memories.

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rehearsal, ebbinghaus

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when learning novel infromation, such as names, we can boost our memory through --------- or conscious repetition. the dude who created a scientific study of learning and forgetting of novel verbal materials ------.

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effortful, automatic

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encoding falls into two categories, including ---- and ------. the first is this chapters concepts and second is where you ate dinner yesterday

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ebbinghuas

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discovered that the more frequently you repeat a list on day one the fewer repetitions you require to relearn the list on day 2. the amount rememberd depends on the time spent learning principle

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overlearning, effortful processing

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the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. even after we learn material, additional rehearsal --------- increases retention. the point is that for novel verbal infromation, practice or ---------- does indeed make perfect.

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quickly, forget, spacing effect

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according to ebbinghaus those who learn ------ , ------ quickly. we retain infromation better when our rehearsal is distributed over time like when learning classmates names, a phenomenon called the -------.

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massed practice, short-term, distributed, long-term, delayed

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------ or cramming, can produce speedy ------ learning and feelings of confidence. but ------ study time produces better ------ recall.after youve studied enough to master the material, further study or overlearning is most efficient if -------.

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longer, retention,spreading

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the ---- the sapce between practice sessions the better their -------- up to five years later. the practical implication is that ----- out learning over a semester or a year, rather than over a shorter term should help you not only on comprehensive final exams but also in retaining the information for a lifetime.

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testing effect, spaced study, self-assessment

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repeated quizzing of previously studied material also helps, a phenomenon that henry roediger and jeffrey karpicke call the ------------. adding testing is a powerful means of improving learning not just assessing it. the point is that --------- and ----- beat cramming.

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serial position effect, last, first, middle, last, working memory, recency, primacy effect

answer

another phenomenon, the -------- illustrates the benefits of rehearsal. experimenters have demonstrated this effect by showing people a list of items and then immediately asking them to recall the items in any order. struggling to recall the list people often remember the --- and ----- items better than those in the ---.perhaps because the ------ items are still in ----, people can briefly recall the especially quickly and well ---- effect.but after a delay after they shift their attention from the last items their recall i best of the first items, ---------.

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true

answer

t or f? sometimes rehearsal is not enought to store information for later recall.

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automatic processsing

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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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rehearsal

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the concious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through missed study or pratice

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

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last, first

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due to serial position effect, youll have immediate recall of the ----- items best, the recency effect, and later recall youll have only ------ items recalled well, the primacy effect

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meaning, image, organizing

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we process information by encoding its ------, encoding its ---------- or mentally --------- it.

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working,

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our ------ memory interacts with our long term memories.

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meaning, know, imagine, conctext, experience

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when processing verbal information for storage we usually encode its ------- associating it with what we already -------- or -----. whether we hear eye screem as ice cream or i scream depends on how the ------ and our ------ guide us to interpret and encode the sounds.

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encoded

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asked later what we heard or read we recall not the literal text but what we -------. thus studying for an exam ou may remember your leecture notes rather than the lecture itself.

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rephrasing, meaningful

answer

research suggests the benefits of --------- what we read and hear into --------- terms. people often ask actors how they learn all those lines but they do so by first coming to understand the flow of meaning.

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meaningful, one-tenth, previously

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ebbinghaus estimated that compared with learning nonsense material, learning ----- material requires ------ the effort.relate the material to ----- stored material.

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time, meaningful

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the amount remembered depends both on the ------ spent learning and on your making it --------.

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mental pictures, visual imagery, visual encoding

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another method for encoding .we struggle to remember formulas, definitions, dates, yet we can easily remember where we were yesterday , who was with us, where we sat and what we wore. one difference is the greater ease of remembering --------.our earliest memories, probably something that happened at age three or four involve --------. in this process of ---------, we can more easily remember concrete words which lend themselves to visual mental images than we do abstract, low imagery words.

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true

answer

t or f? we can more easily remember concrete words which lend themselves to visual mental images than we do abstract, low imagery words.

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meaning, image

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memory for concrete nouns such as cigarette, is aided by encoding both their ------ and their ---------. two codes are better than one.

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best, worst

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thank to the durability of vivid images, our memory of an experience is often colored by its ---- or ----- moment. the best moment of pleasure or joy and the worst moment of pain or frustration.

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rosy retrospection, positively

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recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane might explain the phenomenon of -------. people tend to recall events such as a camping holidy more ----- than they judged them at the time. ex the muggy heat and long lines of that visit to disney fade as we bask in our vivid recall of the surroundings, food and rides.

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mnemonic, acoustic, visual

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imagery is at the heart of many -------- devices. ancient greek scholars developed this to help them retreive lengthy memorized passages and speeches. some modern devices rely on both ----- and ---- codes.

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peg word system, peg words,

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the ---- a type of mnemonic requires you to memorize a jingle. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, four is a doo, five is a hive, six is sticks, seven is heaven, eight is a gate, nine is swine, ten is a hen. without much effor you can soon count by these ------instead of numbers. and then to visually associate the peg words with to be remembered items.

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imagery

answer

mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with encoding

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mnemonics

answer

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organiational devices.

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar manageable units often occurs automatically

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units, structures

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we process information more easily when we can organize it into meaningful units or structures.

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chunking

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by this process we organize information for encoding. we more easily recall information when we can organize it into familiar and manageable chunks. this occurs so naturally that we take it for granted. if youre an english speaker you can reproduced perfectly the 150 line segments that make up the words, and thats shocking to someone unfamiliar with english.

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meaningful

answer

with chunking, we all remember information best when we can organize it into personally -------- arrangements.

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mnemonic, acronym

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chunking can also be used as a -------- technique to recall unfamiliar material. want to remember the colors of the rainbow in order of wavelength? ex roygbiv. and to remember the names of north amerias five great lakes itd be homes. in each case we chunk information into a more familiar form by creating a word called an -------- from the first letters of the to be remembered items.

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hierarchies, broad, subprinciples, specific

answer

when people develop expertise in an area they process information not only in chunks but also in --------- composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts. this chapter for example aims not only to teach you the elementary facts of memory but also to help you organize these facts around ------ principles such as encoding, ------- such as automatic and effortful processing, and still more ------ concepts such as meaning, imagery, and organization.

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groups, organizing

answer

when the words are organized into ------ recall is two to three times better. this shows why organizing knowledge into hierarchies is helpful. such results show the benefits of ------- what you study. of giving special attention to chapter outlines, headings, preview questions, summaries and self-test questions. if you can master a chapters concepts within their overall organization,your recall should be effective at test time. taking notes in outline format, a type of hierarchical organization may prove helpful

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encoding, storage, retrieval

answer

the psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are -----, ------, and -----.

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clarifies the ideas of short term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage

answer

short-term memory is an intermediate memory stage where information i held before it is stored or forgotten. the newer concept of working memory - clarifies the ideas of short-term memory by focusing on the active procesing that occurs in this stage. -splits short term memory into two substages -sensory memory and working memory. -splits short-term memory into two areas -working memory and inacessible memory. -clarifies the idea of short term memory by focusing on space time and frequency

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effortful processing

answer

rehearsal, the conscious repetition of information a person wants to remember is a part of -automatic processing -effortful processing -forgetting -retrieval

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the first items on the list

answer

when tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. when retested after a delay they are most likely to recall -the first items on the list -the first and last items on the list -a few items at random -the last items on the list

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mnemonics

answer

memory aids that use visual imagery , peg-wrds or other organizational devices are called -encoders -nonsense material -acoustic clues -mnemonics

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hierarchical organization

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organizing information into broad categories, which are then divided into subcategories is known as -the serial position effect -the peg-word system -hierarchical organization -creating acronyms

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storage, long-term, cue

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at the heart of memory is -----. if you later recall something you experienced you must somehow have stored and retrieved it. anything stored in ------- memory lies dormant waiting to be reconstructed by a ----/

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George Sperling, momentarily, cue

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researcher -------- showed people for one twentieth of a second three rows of three letters each. after the nine letters disappeared people could recall about half of them. was it because they had insufficient time to glimpse ? no, people could actually see and recall all the letters but only ----------. rather than ask them to recall all nine letters at once, sperling sounded a high medium or low tone immediately after, flashing the nine letters. this ----- directed participants to report only the letts of the top middle or bottom row. they rarely missed a letter showing that all nine letters were momentarily available for recall.

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iconic memory, half a second, half, visual screen

answer

sperlings experiment revealed that we have a fleeting photographic memory called -----------. for a few tenths of a second, our eyes register an exact representation of a scene and we can recall any part of it in amazing detail. but if sperling delayed the tone signal by more than ------------- the image faded and participants again recalled only about ---- the letters. our ----------- clears quickly as new images are uperimposed over old ones.

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echoic memory, echo chamber, 3, 4, echoic, iconic

answer

we also have an impeccable, though fleeting, memory for auditory stimuli called --------. picture yourself in conversation, as your attention veers to the tv. if your annoyed conversation partner tests your attention by asking what did i just say you can recover their last few words from your minds ------. auditory echoes tend to linger for ----- to ----- seconds. experiments on ---- and ---- memory have helped us understand the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.

question

iconic memory

answer

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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iconic, echoic

answer

what are the two components of sensory memory? ---- memory and --- memory

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attentional flashlight, long-term, working, short-term

answer

among the vast amounts of information registered by our sensory memory, we illuminate some with our ---------------. we also retrieve infromation from ---- storage for on screen display. but unless our ------ memory meaningfully encodes or rehearses that information, it quickly disappears from our --- store.

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active processing

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without --------- short term memories have a limited life.

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duration, capacity

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short term memory is limited not only in ----- but also in -------. typically storing about ------- bits of information give or take two.

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, short-term, letters

answer

short term memory is limited not only in duration, but also in capacity, typically storing about seven bits of information give or take two. goerge miller enshrined this recall capacity as the -----------------------. our ------- recall is slightly better for random digits than for random -------.

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hear, see

answer

our short term recall is slightly better for what we ---- than for what we ------.

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four , the, four, limited

answer

without rehearsal, most of us actually retain in short-term memory only about ------- information chunks. got example letters meaningfuly grouped as bbc, fbi, kgb, cia. suppressing rehearsal by saying ----, while hearing random digits also reduces memory to about ---- items. the principle is that at any given moment we can consciously process only a very ----- amount of information.

question

limitless

answer

our capacity for storing long term memories is -----. our brains are not like attics, which once filled can store more items only if we discard old ones.

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levels of analysis

answer

we are reminded in memory studies that many psychological phenomena including memory capacity can be studied by means of different ------ including the biological.

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true

answer

t or f? memories do not reside in single specific spots.

question

ok

answer

ok

question

karl lashey

answer

--- further demonstrated that memories do not reside in single specific spot. he trained rats to find their way out of a maze, then cut out pieces of their brains cortex and retested their memory. amazingly, no matter what small section he took out, the rats retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate the maze.so, despite the brains vast storage capacity, we do not store infromation as libraries store their books, in discrete precise locations.

question

ok

answer

ok

question

long-term potentiation

answer

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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flashbulb memory

answer

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

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amnesia

answer

the loss of memory

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neural networks,, form, strengthen

answer

we know that experience modifies the brains ----. givenincreased activity in a particular pathway, neural interconnections ---- or ---.

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aplysia, synaptic changes

answer

eric kandel and james schwartz observed such changes in the sending neurons of a simple animal, the california sea slug, -----. its mere 20 k nerve cels are unusually large and accessible enabling the researchers to observe -------- during learning.

question

ok

answer

ok

question

ok

answer

ok

question

ok

answer

ok

question

ok

answer

ok

question

ok

answer

ok

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traumatic, adaptive

answer

after a ----- experience, a wartime ambush, house fire, rape, vivid recollections of the horrific event may intrude again and again. this makes ----- sense because memory serves to predict the future and to alert us to potential dangers.

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emotion, weaker, stress hormones

answer

conversely, weaker ------- means ------ memories. people given a drug that blocks the effect of -----------------will later have more trouble remembering the details of an upsetting story.

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hormonal changes

answer

emotion triggered ------ explain why we long remember exciting or shocking events such as our first kiss or our whereabouts when learning of a friends death.

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flashbulb

answer

this perceived clarity of memories of surprising, significant events leads some psychologists to call them -------. its as if the brain commands capture this!

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vividness, confidence, misinformation

answer

our flashbulb memories are noteworthy for their -------- and the ---- with which we recall them. but as we relive, rehearse, and discuss them, these memories may come to err, as ------- seeps into them.

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type, amnesia, new

answer

a memory to be enters the cortex through the senses, then wends its way to the brains depths. precisely where it goes depends on the ---- of information. as dramatically illustrated by those who, as in the case of my father mentioned earlier, suffer from a type of ------ in which they are unable to form --- memories.

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HM, older

answer

the mot famous case, a patient known to every neuroscientist as ---------- experienced in 1953 the necessary surgical removal of a brain area involved in laying down new conscious memories of facts and experiences. the brain tissue loss left his ----memories intact. many years later he was still doing cross word puzzles, but converting new experiences to long term storage was another matter.

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long term

answer

hm could not convert new experiences to ------ storage

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implicit memory

answer

retention independent of conscious recollection, also called nondeclarative memory, like riding a bike

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explicit memory

answer

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare, also called declarative memory. fifty states of the us

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hippocampus

answer

a neural center that is located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage.

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explicit

answer

the hippocampus helps process ---- memories for storage.

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explicit, implicit

answer

the types of long term memories include

question

implicit

answer

classical conditioning is processed by ---- memory

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implicit

answer

motor and cognitive skills are processed by --- memory

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cerebellum

answer

implicit memories are processed by other brain areas including ----

question

hippocampus

answer

explicit memoies are processed in the -----

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explicit

answer

what type of memory deals with facts and knowledge and personally experienced events?

question

learn, classically conditioned, awareness

answer

testing of people who have brain damage and no memories or sense of elapsed time reveals that although incapable of recalling new facts or anything they have done recently, these people can ----. they can even be taught complicated job skills, and can be -----------. however, they do all of these things with no ------of having learned them.

question

implicit, single, two memory systems, conscious, unconscious, how, implicit memory, explicit memory

answer

these amnesia victims are like people with brain damage who cant consciously recognize faces but whose physiological responses to familiar faces reveal an ------ or unconscious recognition. thei rbehaviors challenge the idea that memory is a ---- unified conscious system. instead, we seem to have ----- operating in tandem. whatever has destroyed --------- recall in these individuals with amnesia has not destroyed their ------ capacity for learning. they can learn --------to do something. their ---------- will be intact for ex having read a story once, they will read it faster a second time. but they may not know and declare that they know. there will be no ------ for they cannot recall having seen the story before.

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seen, learning

answer

with amnesia victims if repeatedly shown the word perfume, they will not recall having ------it. but if asked the frist word that comes to mind in response to the letters per, they say perfume, readily displaying their -----------

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implicit

answer

even alzheimers patients whose explicit memories for people and events are lost, display an ability to form new ------- memories

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yes

answer

do our explicit and implicit memory systems involve separate brain regions?

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split, processing

answer

mental feats such as vision, thinking, and memory may seem to be single abilities, but they are not. rather we --- information into different components for separate and simultaneous ---------

question

hippocampus

answer

brain scans, such as pet scans of people recalling words and autopsies of people who had amnesia reveal that new explicit memories of names, image, and events are laid down via the ------- a temporal lobe neural center that also forms part of the brains limbic system.

question

verbal information, visual, location, verbal, visual, location

answer

damage to either hippocampus ide seems to produce different results. with left-hippocampus damage, people have trouble remembering ----------but they have no trouble recalling ------- designs and -------. with right hippocampus damage, the problem is reversed. they dont have trouble remembering --------- information, but have trouble with -------- designs and ------.

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faces, spatial mnemonics, spatial memory

answer

new research also pinpoints the functions of subregions of the hippocampus. one part is active as people learn to associate names with -------. another part is active as memory whizzes engage in -------------. the rear area which processes ------- also grows bigger the longer a london cabbie ha been navigating the maze of city streets.

question

hippocampus

answer

who is a big player in memory?

question

slow-wave

answer

the hippocampus is active during ---- sleep, as memories are processed and filed for later retrieval.

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greater, better

answer

the ----- the hippocampus activity during sleep after a training experience, the ------ the next day's memory.

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permanently,loading dock, storage, memory consolidation, hippocampus, brain cortex, cortex, long-term

answer

memories are not -------------- stored in the hippocampus.instead, it seems to act as a -------- where the brain registers and temporarily holds the elements of a remembered episode, its smell, feel, sound, and location. then like older files shifted to a basement storeroom, memories migrate for ---------- elsewhere.sleep supports yhis -------------. during sleep, our --------- and ------ display simultaneous activity rhythms as i they were having a dialogue. researchers suspect that the brain is replaying the days experienes as it transferss them to the ------ for ----- storage.

question

ok

answer

ok

question

cerebellum

answer

the ------------ plays an important part in our forming and storing of implicit memories

question

implicit

answer

the cerebellum plays an important part in our forming and storing of ---- memories

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recall

answer

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test

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recognition

answer

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test

question

relearning

answer

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

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true

answer

t or f? although your hippocampus is a temporary processing site for your explicit memories, you could lose it and still lay down memories for skills and conditioned associations

question

skills, conditioned

answer

although your hippocampus is a temporary processing site for your explicit memories you could lose it and still lay down memories for ----- and ------ associations

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cerebellum , implicit, conditioned reflexes

answer

the ----- the brain region extending out from the rear of the brainstem plays a key role in forming and storing the ---------memories created by classical conditioning. with a damaged cerebellum, peple cannot develop certain --------, such as associating a tone with an impending puff of air and thus do not blink in anticipation of the puff.

question

true

answer

t or f? implicit memory formation needs the cerebellum

question

infantile amnesia, implicit, explicit

answer

our dual explicit-implicit memory system helps explain ------------ the ---------reactions and skills we learned during infancy reach far into our future, yet as adults we recall nothing of our first three years. children's---- memories have a seeming half-life

question

words, hippocampus

answer

as adults, our conscious memory of our first three years is blank because we index so much of our explicit memory by ------ that nonspeaking children have not learned, but also because the --------- is one of the last brain structures to mature.

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iconic, echoic

answer

sensory information is initially recorded in our sensory memory. this memory may be isual ------- memory or auditory --- memory. -implicit , explicit -iconic, echoic -declarative, nondeclarative -long-term, short-term

question

7 items

answer

our short-term memory for new information is limited, its capacity is abut -20 items -18 items -7 items -3 items

question

an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

answer

long-term potentiation or ltp, seems to provide a neural basis for learning and memory. ltp refers to -emotion triggered hormonal changes -the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories -an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation -aging peoples potential for learning

question

implicit memory

answer

amnesia following hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent eents however, they may be able ot learn new skills such as riding a bike, which is an ------- -explicit memory -implicit memory -iconic memory -echoic memory

question

temporary processing site for explicit memories

answer

the hippocampus seems to function as a -temporary processing site for explicit memories -temporary procesing site for implicit memories -permanent storage area for emotion-based memories -permanent storage area for iconic and echoic memories

question

recall, recognizing, relearning

answer

to remember an event requires more than getting it in through encoding, and retaining it in storage. to most people, memory is -----------, the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness. to a psychologist, memory is any sign that something learned has been retained. so ------ or more quickly ------ information also indicates memory.

question

recall, recognize, recognize

answer

bahrick and colleauges reported that people who had graduated 25 years earlier could not -------- many of their old clasmates but they could ---- ninety percent of their pictures and names. if you are like most students, you too could likely -------- more names of the seven dwarfs than you could recall.

question

recognition, mind, relearning, recall

answer

our ------- memory is impressievly quick and vast. before the mouth can form our answer to any of millions of such questions , the ----- knows and knows that it knows.our speed at --------- also reveals memory. if you once learned something and then forgot it you probably will relearn it more quickly your second time around. when you study for a final exam or resurrect a language used in early childhood, the relearning is easier. we remember more than we can ------.

question

true

answer

t or f ? we remember more than we can recall

question

relearning

answer

when you study for a final or resurrect a language used in early childhood the ----- is easier.

question

web , associate, surroundings, retrieval cues, retrieval cues, memory

answer

with retrieval cues, the process of retrieving a memory follows a similar principle because memories are held in storage by a ---------- of associations. each piece of information interconnected with others. when you encode into memory a target piece of infromation such as the name of the person sitting next to you in class, you ---------- with it other bits of information about your ------- mood, seating position, and so on. these bits can serve as -------- anchor points, you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later. the more ------ you have, the better your chances of finding a route to the suspended -----.

question

mnemonic devices, tastes, smells, sights, associated episodes, visual, context

answer

------------- like roy g biv, homes, bun shoe, true, provide us with handy retrieval cues. but the best retrieval cues come from associations we form at the time we encode a memory like ------, ---, ----- often evoke our recall of --------. to call up --------- cues when trying to recall something, we may mentally place ourselves in the original ----.

question

priming, explicit,

answer

the strands we activate to retrieve a specific memory from its web of associations. william james reffered to it as the process of --------- as the wakening of associations.often our associations are activated without our awareness. it is invisible memory without ---- remembering.

question

priming

answer

this is an ex of ----------. if walking down the hallway you see a poser of a missing child you will then unconsciously e primed to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. although you dont consciously remember the poster, it predisposes your interpretation.

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context, retrieval, same

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putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory -----. duncan and alan discovered this when they had scuba divers listen to a list of words in two differnt settings, either ten feet underwater or sitting on a beach. the divers recalled more words when they were tested in the ------- place.

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context effect, context, cues, encoded

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this is an ex of a ------. while taking notes from this book you realize you need to harpen your pencil. you get up and walk downstairs but then you cannot remember why. after returning to your desk it hits you i wanted to sharpen this pencil . what happens is in one cocntext, you realizze the pencil needs sharpening. when you go downstairs into another --- you have few -- to lead you back to that thought. when you are once again at your desk, you are back in the context in which you ------ the thought this pencil is dull.

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familiar context

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a ------ can activate memories.

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deja vu, cues, context, recognition, similar

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sometimes being in a context similar to one weve been in before may trigger the experience of ---------. two thirds of us have experienced this feleting, eerie sense that ive been in this exact situation before, but it happens most commonly to well educated, imaginative young adults, especially when tired or stressed. our memory system might produce this bc the current situation may be loaded with ------- that unconsciously retrieve an earlier, similar experience. thus, if in a similar --------- you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends the similarity may give rise to an eerie feeling of -----. having awakened a shadow of that earlier experience yo umight think ive seen that person in this situation before. or perhaps, a sitauttion seems familiar when moderately ------- to several events.

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priming

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the activation, often unconsciouly, of particular associations in memory

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deja vu

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that eerie sense that ive experienced this before, cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

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mood-congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

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words, events, context, emotions

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list the four main retrieval cues

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emotion, events , recalled, state-dependent memory, drunk

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associated words, events and contexts are not the only retrieval cues. events in the past may have aroused a specific ------------ that later primes us to recall its associated ------.what we learn in one state may be more easily ------ when we are again in that state, a subtle phenomenon called ------. what people learn when drunk, they dont recall well in any state, as alcohol disrupts storage. but they recall it slightly better when again ----. for example someone who hides money when drunk may forget the location until drunk again

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state dependent memory

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what we learn in one state be it sober or drunk, may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state

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retrieval cues, mood congruent , negative associations, rose-colored glasses

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emotions that accompany good or bad events become --------. thus our memories are somewhat ----------.if youve had a bad evening like your date didnt show up, your gloomy mood may facilitate recalling other bad times. being depressed sours memories by priming ------------.which we then use to explain our current mood. if put in a buoyant mood whether under hypnosis or jut by the days events people recall the world through ----------------------- they judge themselves as competent and effective, other people as benevolent and happy event are more likely

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ok

answer

ok

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retrieval, happy,

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our moods effect on ---- help explain why our moods persis. when happy we recall happy events and therefore see the wolrd as a ----- place.which helps prolong our good mood. when depressed, we recall sad events, which darkens our interpretations of current events. for those of us with depression predisposition thi process can help maintain a vicious dark cycle

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encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, interference, motivated forgetting

answer

five reasons we forget things

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ok

answer

ok

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storage decay, encoding, forgetting curve, levels off, physical memory trace, learning

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a reason why we forget. even after ------ something well, we sometimes later forget it.to study the durability of stored memories, ebbinghuas learned more lists of nonsense syllables and measured how much he retained when relearning each list, from 20 mins to 30 days later. the result, confirmed by later experiements was his famous -------. the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then it -------- wiht time. one explanation for these forgetting curves is a gradual fading of the -------. memories fade for other reasons including the accumulation of ----- that disrupts our retrieval.

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ok

answer

ok

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interference, retrieving, similar, proactive interference,

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another way in which we forget. learning some items may interfere with --------- others, especially when the items are -----.. is someone gives you a phone number you may be able to recall it later. but if two or more people give you their numbers, each successive number will be more difficult to recall. if you buy a new combination lock your memory of the old one may interfere. such ------------- (forward acting) interference occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later. as ou collect more and more infromation, your mental attic never fills but gets cluttered

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proactive interference

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old info interfering with new info

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retroactive interference

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new info interering with old info

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retroactive

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backward-acting -------- interference occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier. it

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retroactive interference, awake, interference, old, before

answer

information presented in the hour before sleep is protected from --------- because the opportunity for interfering events is minimized. forgetting occurs more rapidly after being -------and involved with other activities. the investigators surmised that forgetting is not so much a matter of the decay of old impressions and associations as it is a matter of ---------, inhibition or obliteration of the ------- by the new. experiments have confirmed the benefits of sleep and found that the hour ----- a nights sleep is indeed a good time to commit information to memory.

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old infromation

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true

answer

t or f? more forgetting occurs when a person stays awake and experiences other new material

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proactive interference

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an ex of this kind of interference -----------. the earl event of learning a friends email address at college [email protected] affects the later event of familiar old address interferes with recall of new email address nfleming@??

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retroactive interference

answer

this ex of interference --------------. the later event of learn password for using bank debit card my99money affects the early event and can no longer recall password for using atm card my...??

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seconds, register

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in the ----------- just before sleep information presented then is seldom remembered. and neither is recorded information played during sleep but the ears ----- it.

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true

answer

t or f? in the seconds just before sleep infromation presented then is seldom remembered.

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facilitate, positive transfer, compete

answer

sometimes old infromation can ------- our learning of new information. knowing spanish may help us to learn latin, a phenomenon called ---------. it is when old and new information ------ with each other that interference occurs.

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motivated forgetting, repress, cue

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another method of interference is called -------.freud argued that our memory systems self-censored this information. he proposed that we ------ painful memories to protect our self concept and to minimize anxiety.. but the submerged memory will linger, he believed to be retrieved by some later -------- or during therapy.

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true

answer

t or f? people unknowingly revise their own histories. one group of people told the benefits of frequent toothbrushing then recalled more than others did having frequently brushed thier teeth in the preceding two weeks.

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true

answer

increasing numbers of memory researchers think repression rarely if ever occurs. t or f?

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neutral, emotional

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peoples efforts to intentionally forget ------- material often succed but not when the to be forgotten material is --------.thus we may have intrusive memories of the very traumatic experiences we would most like to forget.

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repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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infer, construct, encode, reweave

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we ----- our past from stored infromation plus what we later imagined expected saw and heard. we often ----- our memories as we ------- them and we dont just retrieve our memories , we ------ them.

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true

answer

t or f? infromation acquired after an event alters memory of the event

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misinformation, misrecalled

answer

in many experiments people have demonstrated the misinformation effect. after exposure to subtle -------, they have ---------- a yield sign as a stop sign, hammers as screwdrivers, and coke cans as peanut cans etc.

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true

answer

t or f? the human mind comes with built in photoshopping software

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real, suggested

answer

so unwitting is the misinformation effect that we may later find it nearly impossible to discriminate between our memories of ---- and ----- events.

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misinformation effect, false memories

answer

in this, we recount an experience and fill in memory gaps with plausible guesses and assumptions. we all do it and after more retellings, we may recall the guessed details as if we had actually observed them. others retelling of an event may also implant -------.

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imagining

answer

even ------------ nonexistent actions and events can create false memories. students who repeatedly imagined simple acts like breaking a toothpick, picking up a stapler, were more likely than others to think they had actually done such things during the experiments first phase.

question

true

answer

t or f? people who are asked to imagine certain events like breaking a window or having a skin sample removed from a finger later recalled the imagined event as something that had really happened

question

imagination inflation, brain areas, familiar, imagine , inflate

answer

occurs when someone is asked to imagine something lik ebreaking a window and later they recall the imagined event as something that had really happened. this occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar -------. imagined events later seem more ---------, and familiar things seem more real. thus, the more vividly we can ----- things, the more likely we are to ------them into memories.

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memory construction, overestimate, underestimate

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---------- may explain how faulty eyewitness identification oculd have helped convict 79 percent of 200 people later exonerated by DNA testing. it explains why hypnotically refreshed memories of crimes so easily incorporate errors some of which originate with the hypnotists leading questions like did you hear loud noises? explains why datintg partners who fall in love ------- their first impressions of one another, it was love at first sight, while those who break up -------- their earlier liking we never really clicked.

question

true

answer

t or f? how people feel today seems to be how they have always felt. what people know today sems to be waht they have always known.

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maturation

answer

---- makes liars of us all.

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source, source amnesia, source misattribution

answer

among the frailest parts of a memory is its --------. thus, we may recognize someone but have no idea where we have seen the person. we may dream an event and later be unsure whether it really happened. we may hear something and later recall seeing it, in all these cases of -----------, also called ----- we retain the memory of the event but not of the context in which we acquired it.

question

misinformation effect

answer

incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

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source amnesia, misinformation, false memories

answer

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (also called source misattribution. ---- along with the ------- effect, is at the heart of many ---------.

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source amnesia

answer

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. also called source misattribution. source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

question

source misattribution

answer

in this we retain the memory of the event but not of the context in which we acquired it. also called source amnesia

question

source amnesia

answer

an example of this is when authors and songwriters sometimes think an idea came from their own creative imagination, when in fact they are unintentionally plagiarizing something they earlier read or heard.

question

source amnesia

answer

example of this is when this guy was found guilty for questioning about a rape although he was a near perfect match to the victims memory of the rapist he had an airtight alib. just before the rape occured, thompson was being interviewed on live television. he could not possibly have made it to the crime scene. it then came to light that the victim had been watching the interview, and had experienced -------------- confusing her memories of thompson with those of the rapist.

question

false memories, real, no, neutral

answer

with childrens eyewitness recall. childrens recollections of sexual abuse are prone to error. interviewers who ask leading questions can plant ---------------. in a study, fifty eight percent of preschoolers produced false and vivid stories regarding one or more events they had never experienced as this little boy did. given such vivid stories, professional psychologists who specialize in interviewing children couldnt reliably separate ------ memories from false ones.nor could the children themselves. does this mean that kids can never be accurate eyewitnesses? ----------.if questioned about their experiences in --------- words they understand, children often accurately recall what happened and who did it.

question

less suggestive, recall

answer

when interviewers use ------------ more effective techniques even four to five year old kids produce more accurate --

question

involved, neutral

answer

children are especially accurate in eyewitness recall when they have not talked with ------- adults prior to the interview and when their disclosure is made in a first interview with a --------person who asks nonleading questions.

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constructed , source amnesia, misinformation effect,

answer

memories of abuse are often --------- by kids. if a clinician says to someone "people whove been abused have your symptoms so you were probably abused." we might expect from the research on ----- and the ---------patients exposed to such techniques may form an image of a threatening person. with further visualization, the image grows more and more vivid, leaving the patient stunned, angry and ready to confront the equally stunned and devasted person whpo then vigorously denies the accusation.

question

guided imagery, hypnosis, dream analysis

answer

without questioning the professionalism of most therapists, critics have charged that clinicians who use memory work, techniques such as -------------, ---------, and ---------- to recover memories are nothing more than merchants of mental chaos and in fact constitute a blight on the entire field of psychotherapy.

question

7 , sexual abuse , injustice, forgetting, recovered memories , 3, unreliable, emotionally

answer

those committed to protecting abused children and those committed to protecting wrongly accused adults agree on the following ----- things. ---- happens --- happens -- happens --------- are commonplace memories of things happening before age ------ are unreliable. memories recovered under hypnosis or the influence of drugs are especially --------. memories whether real or false can be -------- upsetting

question

forcibly represses

answer

what is debated in the repressed or constructed memories of abuse thing between those who claim sexual abus is that whether the unconscious mind sometimes ----------- painful experiences and if so , wheether these can be retrieved by certain therapy techniques.

question

older, severe

answer

the ------- the child was when suffering sexual abuse, and the more ------ the abuse the more likely it is to be remembered.

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stress disorders

answer

people knocked unconscious in unremembered accidents have later developed ---------- after being haunted b memories they constructed from photos, news reports, and friends accounts.

question

banishment, etched

answer

so does repression ever occur? (freud). so far this much appears certain, the mot common response to a traumatic experience like witnessing a parents murder, experiencing the horrors of a nazi death camp, etc is not -------of the experience into the unconscious. rather, such experiences are typically ------ on the mind as vivid, persistent, haunting memories.

question

true

answer

t or f? traumatic experiences are typically etched on the mind as vivid persistent, haunting memories.

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ok

answer

ok

question

strengthen, rehearsal, critical reflection

answer

new memories are weak, excercise them and they will -----. speed reading complex material with minimal rehearsal yileds little retention. ------- and ------- help more.

question

activate retrieval cuesq

answer

one of the study methods, mentally re-create the situation adn the mood in which your original learning occurred. return to the same location. jog your memory by allowing one thought to cue the next

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minimize interference, sleeping,

answer

study method, study before ----do not schedule back to back study times for topics that are likely to interfere with each other such as french and italian

question

consolidates, long-term

answer

a study method which is sleeping more. during sleep, the brain organizes and ------- information for the ----- memory. sleep deprivation disrupts this process.

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