Chapter 8 Project Quality Management – Flashcards
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Quality
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the degree to which a set of characteristics fulfills requirements. must be on an equal level with project scope, time and cost.
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conformance to requirements
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the project's processes and products meet written specifications
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fitness for use
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a product can be used as it was intended
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project quality management
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ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
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project quality management processes
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planning quality management, performing quality assurance, performing quality control.
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1. planning quality management
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identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them; a metric is a standard of measurement.
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2. performing quality assurance
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periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.
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3. performing quality control
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monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards.
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plan quality management outputs
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quality management plan, process improvement involvement plan, quality metrics, quality checklists, and project documents updates. PLANNING PHASE
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perform quality assurance outputs
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change requests, project management plan updates, project documents updates, and organizational process asset updates. EXECUTING PHASE
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perform quality control
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quality control measurements, validated changes, validated deliverable, work performance information, change requests, project management plan updates, project documents updates, and organizational process asset updates. MONITORING & CONTROLLING PHASE
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planning quality
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implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions to bring about the desired outcome.
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design of experiments
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a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.
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scope aspects of IT projects
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functionality, features, system outputs, performance, reliability, maintainability.
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functionality
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the degree to which a system performs its intended function.
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features
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the system's special characteristics that appeal to users.
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system outputs
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are the screens and reports the system generates.
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performance
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addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use.
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reliability
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the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.
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maintainability
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addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product.
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project managers
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ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
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quality assurance
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includes all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project.
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kaizen
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another goal of quality improvement, Japanese word for improvement or change for the better.
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lean
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involves evaluating processes to maximize customer value while minimizing waste.
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benchmarking
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generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other products within or outside the performing organization.
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quality audit
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a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects.
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kanban five core properties
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visual workflow, limit work-in-process, measure and manage flow, make processes policies explicit, use models to recognize improvement opportunities.
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main outputs quality control
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acceptance decisions, rework, process adjustments
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acceptance decisions
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determine if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected.
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rework
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action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements, specifications, or other stakeholder expectations.
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process adjustments
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correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements.
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seven basic tools of quality
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cause-and-effect diagrams, control chart, checksheet, scatter diagram, histogram, Pareto chart, flowcharts
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cause-effect-diagrams
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trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations. help you find the root cause of a problem.
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fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams
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a diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations to help find the root cause.
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5 whys
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a technique in which you repeatedly ask the question "Why?" to help peel away the layers of symptoms that can lead to the root cause of a problem.
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control chart
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a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
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seven run rule
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states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for non-random problems
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checksheet
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used to collect and analyze data. It is sometimes called a tally sheet or checklist, depending on its format
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scatter diagram
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helps to show if there is a relationship between two variables. The closer data points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related
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histogram
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is a bar graph of a distribution of variables
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pareto chart
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a histogram that can help you identify and prioritize problem areas.
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pareto analysis
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also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that 80 percent of problems are often due to 20 percent of the causes
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flowcharts
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graphic displays of the logic and flow of processes that help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved, show activities, decision points, and the order of how information is processed.
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statistical sampling
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involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
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run chart
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displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time.
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six sigma
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a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success. uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes.
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standard deviation
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measures how much variation exists in a distribution and there is relatively greater variability.
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normal distribution
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a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical around the mean or average value of the population (the data being analyzed).
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yield
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represents the number of units handled correctly through the process steps.
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DMAIC
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a systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is scientific and fact based, stands for define, measure, analyze, improve and control.
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Define
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define the problem/opportunity, process, and customer requirements
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measure
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define measures, then collect, compile and display data
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analyze
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scrutinize process details to find improvement opportunities
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improve
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generate solutions and ideas for improving the problem
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control
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track and verify the stability of the improvements and the predictability of the solution
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defect
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any instance in which the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.
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six 9s of quality
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a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities.
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unit test
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done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
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integration testing
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occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components.
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system testing
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tests the entire system as one entity.
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user acceptance testing
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an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system.
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cost of quality
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the cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance.
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conformance
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delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use
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cost of conformance
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taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations.
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five major cost categories related to quality
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prevention cost, appraisal cost, internal failure cost, external failure cost, measurement and test equipment costs.
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prevention cost
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the cost of planning and executing a project so that it is error-free or within an acceptable error range.
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appraisal cost
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the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range.
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internal failure cost
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a cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product.
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external failure cost
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cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer.
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measurement and test equipment costs
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the capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities
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software defect
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anything that must be changed before delivery of the program
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modern quality management
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requires customer satisfaction, prefers prevention to inspection, recognizes management responsibility for quality
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malcom baldrige national quality award
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originated in 1987 to recognize companies that have achieved a level of world-class competition through quality management
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ISO 9000
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a quality system standard developed by the ISO, is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization.
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maturity models
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frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and systems
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software quality function deployment model integration
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a process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes
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CMMI levels
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incomplete, performed, managed, defined, quantitatively managed, optimizing
