question

A nurse is instructing a colleague on how an antimicrobial produces a therapeutic effect. What should be included in the nurse's teaching?

answer

Penicillin interferes with synthesis of the bacteria cell wall.

question

A client is admitted to the hospital with elevated temperature, chills, cough, and fatigue. The physician orders a chest x-ray, which indicates pneumonia. The blood cultures also come back positive for a Gram-negative bacillus. The physician orders two antibiotics to be given to the client, one for Gram-negative organisms and one for Gram-positive organisms. Why does the physician not prescribe just one antibiotic for both types of bacteria?

answer

Broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause antibiotic resistance.

question

People taking antimicrobial drugs should be instructed to report any problem that could indicate adverse drug effects, lack of therapeutic response, or emergence of another infection. One such problem is:

answer

skin rash.

question

Aminogylcoside antibiotics tend to collect in the eighth cranial nerve. The nurse would anticipate that which clinical manifestation may occur from the cranial nerve involvement?

answer

Vertigo

question

What occurs when the normal flora is destroyed by the use of anti-infectives?

answer

superinfection

question

A client with acne has been receiving an anti-infective agent for a prolonged period. Initially, the drug was effective, but over time its effectiveness as decreased. What is the nurse's best action?

answer

Refer the client to the health care provider because the client may be experiencing resistance.

question

A client is diagnosed with strep throat. Which of the factor has contributed to the development of the illness?

answer

Leukopenia

question

The nurse caring for a 24-year-old woman admitted with pneumonia explains how antibiotics work to help cure her pneumonia. Which statement would be correct about how antibiotic therapy works?

answer

Antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

question

Which would be tested to determine parasitic sources of infection?

answer

Stool

question

An older adult client is prescribed an anti-infective agent. Which would the nurse need to keep in mind?

answer

Liver and kidney function may be reduced, requiring cautious use.

question

Although the numbers and virulence of microorganisms help determine whether a person acquires an infection, another major factor is:

answer

the host's ability to defend itself against the would-be invaders.

question

A client is receiving aminoglycosides for a severe infection. The client reports an increasing ringing in the ears. The nurse realizes this is indicative of:

answer

ototoxicity

question

A client is diagnosed with a drug-resistant infection. The client is at greatest risk for:

answer

death

question

A nurse is aware that the concept of selective toxicity is foundational to antimicrobial therapy. Which statement most accurately describes selective toxicity?

answer

A drug harms microbes without harming human cells.

question

Clients receiving aminoglycosides should be monitored closely for which toxicities?

answer

Renal

question

The nurse is preparing to administer a drug that is bactericidal. The nurse should explain what characteristic of this drug?

answer

It will directly cause the death of pathogenic cells.

question

A client is to be started on an antibiotic. Which is most important to take into consideration before beginning the antibiotic regimen?

answer

Culture and susceptibility

question

The client is taking an antibiotic for a urinary tract infection. The client asks how the antibiotic interferes with the growth of bacteria. The nurse explains that the antibiotic has the ability to suppress or kill an infecting microbe without injury to the host. This is referred to as:

answer

selective toxicity.

question

The client has been taking her antibiotic for five days. She tells the nurse that she is now experiencing vaginal itching and discharge. The nurse suspects what has occurred?

answer

The client has developed a superinfection.

question

Which instruction is appropriate to include in the health teaching for a client receiving anti-infective medication?

answer

Medication needs to be taken as prescribed.

question

The nurse is assessing a client who has recently been given the first dose of a new anti-infective. What finding should lead the nurse to suspect that the client is experiencing a hypersensitivity reaction?

answer

The client has a facial and trunk rash.

question

A nurse has questioned why a client's physician has prescribed a narrow-spectrum antibiotic rather than a broad-spectrum drug in the treatment of an infection. Which facts provide the best rationale for the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics whenever possible?

answer

The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can create a risk for a superinfection.

question

A female client comes to the clinic reporting vaginal discharge with itching. When obtaining the client's medication history, what would the nurse consider as significant?

answer

broad spectrum anti-infective for recent infection

question

When describing an anti-infective agent with a narrow spectrum of activity, what would the nurse include?

answer

The drug is selective in its action on organisms.

question

A client is receiving aminoglycoside therapy. The nurse would be alert for:

answer

kidney dysfunction.

question

A burn client develops a wound infection. What type of microorganism contributes to the development of the wound infection?

answer

Opportunistic

question

An immunocompromised patient in a critical care setting has developed a respiratory infection that has been attributed to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The nurse should anticipate that the patient will require treatment with

answer

vancomycin

question

Vancomycin can cause a condition caused "red man syndrome." When administering this particular drug, the nurse should be on the alert to which of the following clinical manifestations of this syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

answer

-fever -erythema -hypotension

question

What would be categorized as an anti-infective agent?

answer

Anthelmintics

question

A nurse is caring for a client in the intensive care unit. The client was admitted 2 hours ago with a severe infection and was started on empiric therapy. Which test will be done to identify drug susceptibility?

answer

Culture and sensitivity

question

The nurse understands that an infection caused by a secondary pathogen, which can occur during prolonged antibiotic therapy, is known as which of the following?

answer

Superinfection

question

The nurse is discharging a client who will be taking an antimicrobial at home. What adverse effects related to antimicrobial therapy should be reported to the physician? (Select all that apply.)

answer

-Any sign of a new infection -Skin rash -Diarrhea

question

A group of students are reviewing information about anti-infective agents. The students demonstrate a need for additional review when they identify what as an anti-infective agent?

answer

anticoagulant

question

What would contribute to drug resistance?

answer

Antibiotic prescription for viral illness

question

To ensure that the most appropriate drug is being used to treat a pathogen, which would need to be done first?

answer

Obtaining sensitivity testing

question

A client is receiving sulfonamide therapy as a treatment for an infection. The nurse understands that this drug acts by:

answer

preventing the organism's cells from dividing.

question

After teaching a group of students about adverse reactions to anti-infective agents, the instructor determines that the students need additional teaching when they identify what as a common adverse effect?

answer

Cardiac toxicity

question

Antifungal agents are used to treat infections caused by protozoa.

answer

False

question

Which statement by a client indicates to the nurse that additional teaching concerning the use of antimicrobials is needed?

answer

"I will stop the antibiotic as soon as I feel better."

question

A client with an upper respiratory tract infection was prescribed roxithromycin, an antibiotic. To what should the nurse tell the client that irregular administration of this medication could lead?

answer

Development of drug resistance

question

Which would be the most significant factor in the selection of an antibiotic drug for treatment of a client's infection?

answer

culture and susceptibility test results

question

Culture and susceptibility tests are performed prior to the prescription of antimicrobial drugs. What is the specific purpose of the culture?

answer

To identify the organism causing the infection

question

Bacitracin (Baciguent) interferes with the cell wall synthesis of which type of bacteria?

answer

Staphylococcal

question

What are classified as anti-infectives? (Select all that apply.)

answer

-antiprotozoals -antifungals -antihelmintics

question

If clients receive drugs that are known to induce superinfections, they should be monitored for signs of:

answer

new infection.

question

The client has been started on a fluoroquinolone and is now experiencing fever, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. The nurse suspects the client may be experiencing:

answer

superinfection

question

The nurse is administering vancomycin (Vancocin) to a client and will monitor the client for adverse effects related to which body systems? (Select all that apply.)

answer

-Hearing -Renal

question

What would a nurse least expect as an adverse reaction to anti-infective agents?

answer

respiratory toxicity

question

When preparing a teaching plan for a group of students about the ways organisms develop resistance to anti-infective therapy, what would the instructor be least likely to include in the discussion?

answer

The organism produces some chemical to mimic the drug.

question

A nurse is teaching a colleague about the factors that are known to contribute to antibiotic resistance. When phenomenon should the nurse describe?

answer

Use of antibiotics for viral illnesses

question

After teaching a group of nursing students about the use of anti-infectives for prophylaxis, the instructor determines that the students need additional teaching when a student identifies what as an example?

answer

A client with an oral yeast infection who receives antifungal therapy.

question

Cephalosporins are associated with adverse effects involving the eighth cranial nerve.

answer

False

question

An elderly client is treated for pneumonia with clindamycin (Cleocin). One week after the completion of the medication, the client develops diarrhea. What is the most probable cause of the diarrhea?

answer

Change in normal flora

question

A 70-year-old client has been prescribed an antimicrobial drug for the treatment of a urinary tract infection (UTI). What teaching point should the nurse prioritize when providing client education?

answer

"Make sure that you take all the pills that you're prescribed, even if your infection gets better."

question

A 6-year-old client is prescribed a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. What is meant by "narrow-spectrum antibiotic"?

answer

The antibiotic is effective against only a select few pathogens.

question

Which nursing action is most important in achieving successful antimicrobial therapy with vancomycin?

answer

Monitor serum drug level..

question

Some evidence suggests that the death of the microorganism can stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone in which part of the brain, inducing nausea and vomiting?

answer

Medulla

question

The client has been taking a fluoroquinolone and calls the physician's office to report that she is experiencing redness and is excoriated in her groin area. What is the best response of the nurse?

answer

Notify the physician.

question

A female client takes an antibiotic, left over from her last bout with bronchitis, when she discovers that her child has developed strep throat. She takes the antibiotic as a preventive measure. What effects might this practice have? (Select all that apply.)

answer

-Increasing the risk of infections with drug-resistant microorganisms -Increasing adverse drug effects

question

A female client calls the pediatrician's office because her child reports a sore throat. The nurse anticipates the physician will take what action?

answer

Request a throat culture.

question

A client is receiving an aminoglycoside antibiotic for an infection. The nurse would monitor the client closely for:

answer

hearing loss.

question

A client is to receive penicillin. The nurse understands that this drug achieves its effect by which action?

answer

Interfering with the pathogen cell wall

question

Most anti-infective agents achieve their effectiveness by acting in similar ways.

answer

False

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