question

*Body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height.*

answer

Obesity

question

What 2 benefits do minor illnesses give children?

answer

1. Build up of immunity towards illnesses they may be exposed in. 2. Provides some emotional benefits.

question

The greatest danger from children often come from ____.

answer

Accidents

question

How many children are at risk for lead poisoning as of 2012?

answer

14 million

question

-Deemed as the most hazardous health threat of children under the age of 6. -Liked to lowered intelligence, problems in verbal processing, hyperactivity, and vulnerability to distraction, and future antisocial behavior. -Comes from paint and pollution.

answer

Lead poisoning

question

*Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons.*

answer

Myelin

question

By age 5, a child's brain weighs ___% of their adult weight.

answer

90

question

*A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.*

answer

Corpus callosum

question

___ children demonstrate delays in brain maturation.

answer

Malnourished

question

*The process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other.*

answer

Lateralization

question

The ___ hemisphere of the brain is involved primarily with tasks that necessitate verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning. -Processes information sequentially, one piece of data at a time.

answer

Left

question

The ___ hemisphere of the brain develops its own strengths, especially in nonverbal areas such as comprehension of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression. -Processes information in a more global manner, reflecting on it as a whole.

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Right

question

Argued that children with autism have what he called "extreme male brain." The extreme male brain, though relatively good at systematically sorting out the world, is poor at understanding the emotions of others and experiencing empathy for others' feeling.s

answer

Baron-Cohen

question

-Considerable variation in their gross motor skills as they age. -Influenced by: the increase of myelin on appropriate neurons and the fact that kids practice their motor skills so often. -Gender differences apparent.

answer

Gross motor skills

question

-Considerable mastery as they grow older due to consistent practice. -Not always clear on precision.

answer

Fine motor skills

question

At what age are children.. -able to walk up stairs, alternating feet -unable to stop of turn suddenly -able to jump a length of 15-24 inches?

answer

Age 3

question

At what age are children.. -able to walk down a long staircase, alternating feet, with assistance -have some control in starting, stopping, and turning -length of jump increases

answer

Age 4

question

At what age are children.. -able to walk down a long staircase, alternating feet -capable of starting, stopping, and turning in games - able to make a running jump of 28-36 inches

answer

Age 5

question

*The preference of using one hand over another.* -Begins to show at about 7 months.

answer

Handedness

question

*According to Piaget, this stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.*

answer

Preoperational Stage

question

*The ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present.*

answer

Symbolic Function

question

*Organized, formal, logical mental processes.*

answer

Operations

question

Piaget believed that ___ and ___ are tightly related in function.

answer

-Language -Thinking

question

*The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects.*

answer

Centration

question

*The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.*

answer

Conservation

question

*The process in which one state is changed into another.*

answer

Transformation

question

*Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others.* -Takes two forms: the lack of awareness that others see things from a different physical perspective and the failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings, and points of view that differ from theirs.

answer

Egocentric thought

question

*Thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world.* -ages 3-4 -The questions are completely irrelevant.

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Intuitive thought

question

*The idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns.*

answer

Functionality

question

*The understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance.*

answer

Identity

question

Found that children as young as 3 can easily tell the difference between rows of two and three toy animals, regardless of the animals' spacing.

answer

Rochel Gelman

question

*Observations on children's lack of logical thought.*

answer

Deficiencies

question

Preschoolers may demonstrate a surprisingly sophisticated understanding of ____.

answer

Numbers

question

*Memory of particular events from one's own life.*

answer

Autobiographical memory

question

Memories are affected by by ____ factors.

answer

Cultural

question

*Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.*

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Scripts

question

*Individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds assuming there is no rehersal of information.* -Increases during the preschool years. -Identified through the digit span test. -Speed of memory is often a determining factor in a child's cognitive abilities.

answer

Short-Term memory

question

-Preschool children remember a large amount of information based on cues and prompts. -Preschoolers are prone to suggestion.

answer

Long-term memory

question

___ viewed cognitive development as a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation, working with mentors to solve problems.

answer

Vygotsky

question

___ not only present new ways of doing things, but also provide assistance, instruction, and motivation.

answer

Mentors

question

*According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.*

answer

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

question

*The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.*

answer

Scaffolding

question

*Actual, physical items as well as intellectual and conceptual framework for solving problems.*

answer

Cultural tools

question

*The way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences.*

answer

Syntax

question

By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ____ words.

answer

14,000

question

*A process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.*

answer

Fast mapping

question

*The system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed.*

answer

Grammar

question

*Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.*

answer

Private speech

question

*The aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.*

answer

Pragmatics

question

*Speech directed towards another person and meant to be understood by that person.*

answer

Social speech

question

Children in families that received welfare assistance were likely to have been exposed to some ___ million fewer words that those in families classified as professionals.

answer

13

question

The average preschooler watching more than ___ hours of TV a week.

answer

21

question

*Provide care for children outside the home, while their parents are at work.*

answer

Child-care centers

question

*Small operations run in private homes.*

answer

Family child-care centers

question

*Explicitly designed to provide intellectual and social experiences for children.*

answer

Preschools

question

___ designed set materials to create an environment that fosters sensory, motor, and language development.

answer

Maria Montessori

question

Children participate in what is called a "negotiated curriculum" that emphasizes the joint participation of children and teachers.

answer

Reggio Emilia preschool approach

question

*Provided by some local school systems in the U.S.*

answer

School child care

question

*Education that is based in both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.*

answer

Developmentally appropriately educational practice

question

What is the term for body weight that is more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height?

answer

Obesity

question

When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called?

answer

Private speech

question

By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___ words.

answer

14,000

question

What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

answer

Scaffolding

question

When discussing the reliability of memories, the memory of a ___ is considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion, and therefore, perhaps the least reliable.

answer

Pre-school aged

question

By the end of the preoperational stage, children are able to understand the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns. This is called?

answer

Functionality

question

___ is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

answer

Conservation

question

Which of the following is the best description of Piaget's "symbolic function?" a. a child is able to use his/her imagination b. a child is able to use organized, formal, logical mental processes c. a child is able to understand that symbols on a page (letters or numbers) mean something d. a child is able to use a mental symbol, word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present

answer

D

question

All of the following are fine motor skills that a 3-year-old preschooler can perform EXCEPT: a. fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes b. throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it c. undoing his clothes to go to the bathroom d. putting together a jigsaw puzzle

answer

B

question

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years. In 1999, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?

answer

25%

question

The left hemisphere of the brain processes information _________, while the right hemisphere of the brain processes information ________.

answer

-Sequentially -Globally

question

What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?

answer

Accidents

Chapter 7: Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood – Flashcards

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