chapter 7 (3/2) – Flashcards
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encoding
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process used to get info (acoustic, visual, semantic)
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retrieval
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process of recovering previously encoded info
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types of rehearsal
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maintenance & elaborative
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maintenance
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repeating the material over and over (effective short term)
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elaborative
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considers meanings, makes links to prior knowledge (effective to transfer to LTM)
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Levels of processing
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Craik and Lockhart
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shallow processing
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little attention to meaning
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shallow processing types
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structural processing (appearance) phonetic processing (sound)
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criticism of LOP theory
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for deep processing defined in terms of result (circular theory)
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imagery
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can help use create connections and remember material (drawing pictures helped with memory, esp. if distinct)
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generation effect
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we remember information better if we generate it ourselves
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organization
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during retrieval, we tend to group items with related meaning together, even if we did not initially encode them together (categorizing)
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hierarchical visual organization
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we remember more if info is meaningfully organized
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preexisting gramework
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remember more if we are aware of the general topic we are reading or hearing about than if we just "dive" into the material without considering the general topic
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Levels of processing's problem
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Circularity- it is difficult to define depth of processing independently of memory
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Principle of encoding specificity
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We learn information along with its context
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State dependent learning
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A persons memory will be better when his or her internal state during retrieval matches the state during encoding
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Six memory principles
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1. Elaborate 2. Generate and test 3. Organize 4. Take breaks 5. Match learning ; testing conditions 6. Avoid illusions of learning
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Transfer appropriate processing
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The finding that memory performance is enhanced when the type of coding that occurs during acquisition matches the type of retrieval that occurs during a memory test
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Physiological basis of memory
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Formation of memories is associated with structural changes at the synapse
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Temporal lobe important for ltm
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Medial temporal lobe
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Graded amnesia
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Memory loss is greatest for events that happened closest in time to the trauma- newly formed memories are more fragile
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Consolidation
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Transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption
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Standard model of consolidation
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Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but after consolidation is done retrieval involves the cortex and hippocampus is no longer involved
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Multiple trace hypothesis
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States that hippocampus is involved both when memory is established and during retrieval
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Reconsolidation
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Mechanism for refining and updating memories (treatment in ptsd)
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according to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on
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how information is encoded
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The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is
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complex
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The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of
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organization
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According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
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short and across several days
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Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
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neurotransmitters (yes to presynaptic neuron, post, and synapse
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Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
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a failure of memory consolidation
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self-reference effect
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likely to remember information if we relate it to ourselves than if we attend to its physical features
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hierarchical visal organization
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we remember more if information is meaningfully organized
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preexisting framework
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we remember more if we are aware of the general topic we are reading or hearing about than if we just "dive" into the material without considering the general topic
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testing
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being tested on material results in better memory than rereading it
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retrieval cues
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seeing an old photo, hearing a song, smelling something cook, hearing a term previously linked to another term
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free recall
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just report what is remembered
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cued recall
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given cues to aid remmebering
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encoding specificity
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people rememeber more if they studied in the same environment in which they were tested
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mood dependent memory
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memory that is improved if mood during retrieval matches mood during encoding
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Encoding specificity
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Going back to where you started
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Hebbs idea of long term potentiation (physiological)
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Enhanced firing in the neurons
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Medial temporal lobe
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Episodic/ hippocampus
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Telephone game
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Constructive
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Multiple trace hypothesis
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Hippocampus involved in retrieval of remote memories. Esp episodic memories
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Standard model of consolidation
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Memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but afterwards no more
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Systems consolidation
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Gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions takes longer time scale
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Synaptic consolidation
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Occurs at synapse rapidly
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Medial temporal lobe
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Contains the hippocampus
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Transfer appropriate processing
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Shows that memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches type at retrieval
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Levels of processing theory
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Memory depends on how info is encoded with deeper processing resulting in better encoding and retrieval than shallow
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Reconsolidation
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Since susceptible to disruption must be Reconsolidated mechanism for refining and updating memories: post traumatic stress disorder
