Chapter 7.1 (quiz four) – Flashcards
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| Inorganic Nutrients |
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| A combination of atoms other than C and H |
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| Essential Nutrients |
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| any substances that must be provided to an organism |
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| Organic Nutrients |
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| Contain C and H, usually the products of living things |
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| Heterotroph? |
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| Must obtain C in organic form (nutritionally dependent on other living things) |
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| Autotroph? |
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| (self-feeder) uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source (not nutritionally dependent on other living things) |
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| Roles of Hydrogen (3) |
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| 1. Maintaining pH 2. Forming hydrogen bonds between molecules 3. Serving as the source of free energy in oxidation-reduction reactions of respiration |
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| Loss of electrons? |
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| LEO oxidation |
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| Gain of electrons? |
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| GER reduction |
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| Oxygen makes up ____ of the atmosphere? |
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| 20% |
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| What is the primary nitrogen source for hetertrophs? |
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| proteins, DNA, RNA |
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| What must nitrogen sources be converted to? |
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| NH3, its the only form that can be directly combined with C to synthesize amino acids and other compounds |
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| Phosphate Roles? (3) |
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| 1. Key Component in nucleic 2. Also found in ATP 3. Phospholipids in cell membranes and coenzymes |
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| Sulfur sources roles? (2) |
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| 1. Essential Component of some vitamins 2. Amino acids |
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| Potassium Role? (1) |
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| Protein synthesis and membrane function |
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| Sodium Role? (1) |
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| Certain Types of cell transport |
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| Calcium Role? (1) |
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| stabilizer of cell walls and endospores |
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| Magnesium role? (1) |
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| component of CHLOROPHYLL and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes |
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| Zinc role? (1) |
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| essential regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics and binding factors for ENZYMES |
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| Growth Factor is? |
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| an organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamine that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient |
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| Carbon Sources? (2) |
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| Heteroph and Autotroph |
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| Heteroph? |
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| other-feeders use organic carbon |
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| Autotroph? |
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| self-feeders use carbon dioxide |
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| Energy source? (3) |
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| Chemotroph, phototroph, lithotroph |
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| Chemotroph? |
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| use organic molecules |
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| Phototroph? |
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| Use light? |
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| Lithotroph? |
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| Use inorganic molecules like H2S |
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| Humans are... (in regards to energy and carbon source) |
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| chemoheterotrophs |
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| Plants are... (in regards to energy and carbon sources) |
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| Photoautotrophs |
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| Saprobes? |
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| free-living microorganisms, decomposes of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes |
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| Saprobe Cell wall? |
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| Most have rigid cell wall, so they release enzymes to the extracelluar environment and digest food particles into smaller molecules |
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| Obligate Saprobes |
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| exist strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water |
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| Parasites? |
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| -derive nutrients from cells or tissues of a host -also called pathogens because they cause damage to tissues or even death |
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| Ectoparasites? |
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| live on the body (ex. tics or lice) |
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| Endoparasites? |
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| Live in organs and tissues |
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| Intracellular parasites? |
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| live within cells ex: listeria monocytogens |
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| Nutrient transport? |
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| -do not cross the membrane alone requires a carrier -need to concentrate essential nutrients requires energy |
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| Diffusion? |
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| when atoms or molecules movie in a gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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| Simple or passive diffusion? |
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| is limited to a small nonpolar molecules or lipid soluble molecules |
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| Osmosis? |
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| movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| Membrane? |
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| is selectively permeable; allows free diffusion of water but can block certain other dissolved molecules |
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| When solute is not diffusible...? |
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| water will diffuse at a fast rate from the side that has more water to the side that has less water |
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| Isotonic? |
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| the environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal environment -no change in cell volume -most stable |
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| Hypotonic? |
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| the solute concentration of the external environment -net direction of osmosis is from the hypotonic solution into the cell -cells without cell walls swell and can burst |
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| Hypertonic? |
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| the enviornment has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm -will force water to diffuse out of the cell -cell will shrink |
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| Bacteria adaptations.. |
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| live in hypotonic pond-- cell wall protects them from bursting |
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| Amoeba adaptations.. |
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| live in hypotonic pond-- a water vacuole moves excess water out of the cell |
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| Halobacteria adaptions.. |
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| live in a hypertonic great salt lake-- absorb salt to make their cells isotonic with the environment |
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| Facilitated diffusion |
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| -protein carrier -no energy needed -movement down the concentration gradient -specificity - |
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| Active Transport? |
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| -protein carrier and energy required -movement against gradient |
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| Endocytosis? |
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| particles are engulfed ex. viral entry |
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| Phagocytosis? |
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| process carried out by white blood cells to engulf cells or particles |
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| Pinocytes? |
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| Liquids entering the cell |
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| Pinocytosis? |
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| liquids entering the cell |
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| Exocytosis? |
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| Package and release of substances from a cell |
