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Edwin L. Drake

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Basic: 1859 successfully used steam engine to drill oil in Titsuville, PA. Causes: needed more oil b/c of cars and more factories...higher demand for oil Consequences: Important because removing oil from beneath the earth's surface became more practical--spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Texas

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Oil Boom

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Basic: when drilling oil spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Texas Causes: more industries--needed more oil to power machines, cars, factories etc. Consequences: drilling oil became very popular and petroleum-refining industries arose in Cleveland and Pittsburgh

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Bessemer Steel Process

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Basic: process to make steel, heated iron up then injected air into it to remove the carbon which made steel--created by Henry Bessemer (English manufacturer) and William Kelly (American iron worker) Causes: needed new material to use to build building, railroads etc. Consequences: this technique spread--by 1880 American manufacturers were using this technique to make steel--later this method was replaced by the open-hearth process (open-hearth process allowed manufacturers to produce quality steel from scrap metal and raw material)

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Uses for Steel

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railroads, farm machinery, buildings/skyscrapers , barbed wire, Brooklyn Bridge etc.

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Thomas A. Edison

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Basic: established worlds first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey--perfected the incandescent light bulb and created entire system to produce and distribute electricity Causes: needed more efficient lighting system--candles easily burned things--not safe Consequences: help in factories

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George Westinghouse

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Basic:helped make electricity safer Causes:too many businesses not enough space for them along river (to power them)--needed a safer way to distribute electricity Consequences: ran numerous machines and businesses

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Impact of Electricity

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Able to move businesses away from water sources, electric streetcars, fans, printing presses, more convenient, became available in homes

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Christopher Sholes

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Basic: invented typewriter Causes: needed a way to make work faster and more efficient Consequences: helped people who worked work more efficiently easier to write things dow

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Alexander Graham Bell

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Basic: invented telephone Causes: needed a better form of communication Consequences: opened a way for worldwide communication, helped create new jobs for women, changed office work

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New Inventions and Impact

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Telephone, electricity, typewriter...helped improve businesses. Made factories and peoples lives more efficient

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Transcontinental Railroad/Building/Impact

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1856 railroad extended to Mississippi River, 1869 Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met at Promontory, Utah which was the first transcontinental railroad. brought dreams of available land, adventure and a fresh start to Americans.

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Time Zones

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Basic: time zones were invented by Professor Dowd-24 time zones Causes: needed a better time system for railroads Consequences: all railroad towns had same time-then time zones went global...took 35 years for US government to agree on same time-didn't want rr to tell gvn't what to do/didn't want rr to have more power

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George M. Pullman

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Basic:made sleeper cars-bought lots of prairie land near Chicago and made company towns Causes: knew that railroads went long distances-ppl needed a place to sleep on trains Consequences: went overboard when making "Pullman IL"-too many weird rules which ended in violent strike at Pullman factory

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Crèdit Mobilier

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Basic: construction company made by Union Pacific Railroad in 1864, stockholders in Union Pacific Railroad formed construction company and gave this company a contract to lay tracks at two to three times the actual cost--then stole the money Causes: self centered industrialist who wanted more money and more power Consequences:donated shares of stocks to about 20 representatives in the US Congress in 1867--investigation went underway and they found that the Union Pacific had taken up to $23 million in stocks, bonds and cash

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Railroad Abuses/Panic/Consolidation

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misuse of government land and grants, railroads agreed on a fix price which kept farmers in debt, charged different customers different rates--demanding more for short hauls--for which there was no alternative carrier--than they did for long hauls

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Granger Laws

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Basic: Grangers- members of a farmers' organization founded in 1867, Grangers took political action--sponsored state and local political candidate, elected legislators and successfully pressed for laws to protect their interests Causes: farmers were being abused by RR and wanted help and they needed to get out of debt Consequences:laws passed "to establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination"

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Munn vs. Ilinois

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Basic: 1877 case of Munn vs Illinois, Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two Causes: railroads fought back to see if Granger Laws were constitutional or not Consequences: state won right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers...federal governments right to regulate private industry to serve the public interest

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Basic: passed in 1887, reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise the railroad activities and established a five member Interstate Commerce Commission Causes:Supreme Court ruled that a state could not set rates on interstate commerce--railroad traffic that either come from or was going to another state Consequences: established a five member Interstate Commerce Commission that tried to regulate railroad rates but had difficulty because of long legal process and resistance form the railroad

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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Basic: five member group that reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities Causes: needed to regulate railroad traffic that either came from or was going to another state Consequences: had difficulty regulating railroad traffic because of the long legal process and resistance from the railroad, 1897 Supreme Court ruled that it could not set maximum railroad rates, 1906 gained power it needed from President Theodore Roosevelt

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Andrew Carnegie

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Basic: originally poor from Scotland-known for buying steel company and all companies involved in the making of steel. Harsh conditions on workers...didn't like poor...didn't care about workers Causes: very selfish...wanted money. Treated workers poorly Consequences: Homestead strike. Invented managment stuff-make more products cheaply, interested in high tech expert Chemist and Metallurgists, detailed accounting, attracted talent, best and brightest assistants

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Carnegie Steel

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Basic: entered steel business in 1873 after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome spectacle of the Bessemer process in action Causes: wanted to be very powerful, got lots of money from buying stock from previous job (Pennsylvania Railroad-Thomas A. Scott) Consequences: Carnegie Steel manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain

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Gospel of Wealth

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Basic: book by Andrew Carnegie Causes: wrote about his thoughts on poor people Consequences: said that only rich go to heaven and that poor go to hell

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Vertical Integration

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Buy out all companies needed to help sell and ship product

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Horizontal Consolidation/Integration

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Buy out all competitors in only your field of products (only steel companies, only iron companies, etc)

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Social Darwinism

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Basic: created by Charles Darwin--said that the species that could adapt to environmental changes was the stronger species and would pass those traits to offspring--related to economy Causes: Consequences:

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Herbert Spencer

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Basic:used Darwin's biological theories to explain the evolution of human society Causes: needed a way to describe success and show that people can still succeed due to laissez-fiare Consequences: marketplace should not be regulated, government couldnt help with anything, people had to become successful by themselves

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William Graham Sumner

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Basic: political science professor at Yale University-prompted theory that success and failure in business were governed by natural law and that no one had the right to intervene Causes: studied Social Darwinism and connected it to economics and human society Consequences: no one had the right to intervene, people became successful on their own

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Horatio Alger

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Basic: rags go riches, 135 novels-characters always poor and turn fortune around and become $ shame if they didn't over come poverty

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Monopoly

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one firm has complete control over its industry's production, quality and pricing

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Holding Company

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Basic: corporation that did nothing but buy out the stocks of other companies Causes: how big power investors created a monopoly Consequences: helped big companies become more powerful and take out their competitors-J.P. Morgan United States Steel was on e of the most successful holding companies-1901 bought the larges manufacturer, Carnegie Steel-which made it become the most powerful/worlds largest business

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John D. Rockefeller

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Basic: established Standard Oil Company (and many other companies) Causes: wanted to be powerful and rich-joined with competing companies in trust agreement-participants in a trust turned their stocks over to a group of trustees Consequences: used trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America payed his employees low wages and drove his competitors out of business by selling his oil at a lower price, then when he controlled market he increased prices dramatically

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Standard Oil

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controlled 90% of refining (oil) business

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Trust

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Basic: participants in trust would turn their stocks over to a group of trustees (people who ran the separate companies as one large corporation) Causes: competing companies joined in trust agreement to become more powerful Consequences: companies were entitled to dividends on profits earned by trust-trusts were not legal mergers

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Robber Barons

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Basic: what critics called powerful industrialists Causes:powerful industrialists would take out their competitors with many different tactics, horizontal/vertical integration, trusts etc. but they still gave money to charity Consequences: powerful industrialists were good and bad

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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Basic: made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries Causes: government was concerned that expanding corporations would stifle free competition Consequences: prosecuting companies under the Sherman Act was not easy because the act didn't clearly define what a trust was, government eventually stopped trying to enforce Sherman Act and consolidation of businesses continued--1901 Teddy Roosevelt rewrote Act and defined "TRUST"

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Business Boom Bypasses the South

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Basic: Post-Reconstruction South seemed to have no way out of economic stagnation Causes: south was still trying to recover from the Civil War and did not industrialize for a while, after war people were unwilling to invest in risky ventures Consequences: south remains mostly agricultural, with farmers at the mercy of railroad rates, growth in forestry and mining and in the tobacco, furniture, and textile industries offered hope

question

J.P. Morgan

answer

Basic:J.P. Morgan United States Steel was one of the most successful holding companies Causes:1901 bought the larges manufacturer, Carnegie Steel Consequences:which made it become the most powerful/worlds largest business

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Exploitation of workers

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exploitation of unsafe working conditions and low wages drew workers together across region in a naiton wide labor movement

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Labor Unions Form

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Basic: angry workers came together to get what they wanted and deserved Causes: unsafe working condition, long hours, low pay, no breaks, not treated well Consequences: small labor unions, National Labor Union, Colored National Labor Union formed (first large scale labor unions)

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National Labor Union

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Basic: first large-scale national organization of laborers-formed in 1866 by iron worker William H. Sylvis Causes: wanted shorter work days, more pay, better working conditions Consequences: 1868 persuaded Congress to legalize an 8 hour work day for government workers-organizers concentrated on linking existing local unions

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Colored L.U.

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Basic: national organization of laborers Causes: NLU refused to admit African Americans

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Knights of Labor

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Basic: Uriah Stephens focused his attention on individual woers and organized the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor motto was "An injury to one is the concern of all" Causes:Stephens wanted to focus on individual workers as well and large factories Consequences: membership was open to all races, strikes, 700,00 members in 1886, fell after failing a series of strikes

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Samuel Gompers

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Basic: Jewish immigrant, led Cigar Markets' International Union to join other craft unions in 1886 Causes: form of labor organization was craft unionism which included skilled workers form one or more trades Consequences: strikes were main tactic

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American Federation of Labor (craft unionism)

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Basic:focused on collective bargaining between representatives of labor and management to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions Causes: Knights of Labor was out, this union involved more people and more companies Consequences: successful strikes won AFL higher wages and shorter workweeks, between 1890 and 1915 average weekly wage in unionized industries rose form $17.50 to $24, average work week fell from 54.5 hours to 49 hours

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Collective Bargaining

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negotiation between representatives of labor and management

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Eugene V. Debs (industrial unionism)

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Basic: attempted to form a labor union for skilled and unskilled workers-The American Railway Union Causes: no place for unskilled workers to go Consequences: won a strike for higher wages, never recovered after the failure of major strikes

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Industrial Workers of the World

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Basic: Wobblies, group of radical unionists and socialists in Chicago formed IWW, headed by William "Big Bill" Haywood, included miners, lumberers and cannery and dock workers, welcomed African American Causes: labor activists turned to socialism, an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth Consequences: gave dignity and a sense of solidarity to unskilled workers

question

Great Strike of 1877

answer

Basic: July 1877 workers of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck to protest their second wage cut in two months, work stoppage spread to other lines Causes: tactic to get what the workers wanted Consequences: freight and some passenger trains were stopped for more than a week, state governors asked President Rutherford B. Hayes to intervene, federal troops ended the strike

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Haymarket Affair

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Basic: May 4, 1886-3,000 people gathered at Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest police brutality Causes: encouraged by the impact of the 1877 strike, labor leaders continued to press for change, one striker killed and many wounded at McCormick Harvester plant the day before Consequences: police arrived, people threw a bomb into police line, police fired on workers; seven police officers and several workers died, three strikers and five other radicals were charged with inciting a riot, all were convicted; four hung and one committed suicide in prison, public began to turn against labor movements

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Homestead Strike

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Basic: June 29, 1892, Henry Clay Frick announced that he was going to cut wages, Frick hired armed guards from Pinkerton Detective Agency to protect plant so he could hire scabs (strikebreakers) to keep it operating Causes: conditions at Steel factories were awful Consequences: battle between workers and Pinkertons, steel forced out Pinkertons after three detectives and nine workers died. Pennsylvania National Guard arrived on July 12, strike lasted until November-union had lost a lot of its support and gave into the company

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Scabs

answer

strikebreakers

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Pullman Strike

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Basic: Pullman refused to negotiate wages with strikers Causes: Pullman company laid off 3,000 of its 5,800 employees and cut wages of the rest by 25-50% Consequences: ARU began boycotting Pullman trains, Pullman hired strikebreakers-strike then turned violent, President Cleveland sent federal troops, Eugene Debs was jailed, Pullman fired most of the strikers and railroads blacklisted many others, so they could never get jobs again

question

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

answer

Basic: most prominent organizer in women's labor movements Causes: Jobs were very dangerous; there were no safety or labor laws. Many workers were working under harsh conditions and the owners did nothing to fix this. Consequences: march with 80 mill kids to show children cruelty and bad working conditions-showed President Theodore Roosevelt, and other, that factories had very dangerous and unkind stations where children worked-child labor laws enforced

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Women Organize

answer

Basic: women united to make their own unions Causes: women banned from many unions, wanted equal pay and to end child labor Consequences: Mary Harris Jones, Pauline Newman, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU)

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Pauline Newman/ILGWU

answer

Basic:16 year old became first female organizer of the ILGWU Causes: garment worker since age 8, supported the "Uprising of the 20,000" (1909 seamstresses' strike that won labor agreements and improved working conditions for some strikers) Consequences:more people aware of women working conditions

question

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

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Basic: fire that broke out on March 25, 1911 at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Causes: something caught on fire and spread fast because of all the garment supplies (very flammable) Consequences: only one safe way out-one door was locked, no sprinkler systems, only fire escape collapsed, owners were not charged with manslaughter because they claim that they did not know there was a locked door

question

Business/Gvn't opposition to unions

answer

more powerful the union became the more employers feared them. management refused to recognize unions as representatives of the workers, many employers forbade union meetings, fired union members and forced new employees to sign "yellow-dog contracts" swearing that they would not join the union

question

"Yellow-dog" Contracts

answer

Basic: contract that said workers had to swear that they would not join the union Causes: union became too powerful, management feared them Consequences:

question

Labor Unions Weaken

answer

Basic: Sherman Act was turned against them Causes: Unions became too powerful and demanding Consequences: legal limitations made it more and more difficult for unions to be effective

question

Use of Sherman Antitrust Act Against Labor

answer

made it harder for unions to be effective and helpful toward workers

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