Chapter 5 – Socialization & Gender Roles – Flashcards
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World literacy
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11 percent of the world's population are illiterate
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Women literacy
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Two thirds of the world's illiterate are women
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Socialization
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Establishes our social identity, teaches us role taking and shapes our behavior
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Sex
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the biological characteristics with which we are born and that determine whether we are male or female
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Gender
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The learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men
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Gender identity
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An individual's perception of himself or herself as masculine or feminine
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Gender associations
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We learn to associate behavior patterns with each sex
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Learned gender identity
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During early childhood and usually remains relatively fixed throughout life
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Gender roles
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The characteristics, attitudes, feelings and behaviors that society expects of males and females
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In gender roles
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Interactions are gendered. Behavior is gendered, and organizations are gendered.
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Gender stereotype
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Expectations about how people will look, act, think and feel based on their sex
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Gender stereotype examples
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he's firm; she's stubborn, he's careful about details; she's picky
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Stereotype references
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Women described as agreeable, warm and kind. men are described as assertive, confident and ambitious.
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Nature shapes behavior in 3 ways
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Developmental and health differences between sexes, the effects of sex hormone and unsuccessful sex reassignment.
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Hormones
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Chemical substances secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.
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Developmental and health differences in boys
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Boys mature more slowly, get sick more n less likely to master self control necessary to start school. They are four times more likely to develop learning developmental disorders - autism attention deficit disorder and dyslexia
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Developmental and health differences in men and women
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a woman's sense of smell and taste is more acute and hearing is better and last longer. but they have a higher risk of developing diabetes and having migraines and breast cancer. Men are more commonly have haemophilia and skin cancer.
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Number of sex hormones
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3. estrogen dominant in females produced by the ovaries. Progesterone present in high levels during pregnancy and also secreted by the ovaries. testosterone dominant in males, produced by the testes.
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Nature human development is
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Innate, biological physiological, gu largely to heredity and fairly fixed
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Nurture human development is
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Learned, psychological, social, cultural, due largely to environment and very changeable
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Argument support nurture over nature
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Global variations in gender roles, International differences in male violence rates and successful sex reassignment
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Perspectives/ 5 explanations for gender role differences
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Sociobiology, social learning, cognitive development, symbolic interaction and feminist theories
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sociobiology
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The study of how biology affects social behavior
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Social learning theory
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Posits that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction - resulting from reinforcement, imitation and modeling
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Views of sociobiology
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Evolution and genetic factors- nature - determines gender roles
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Views - social learning
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Direct learning - rewarding or punishing behavior and role modeling, indirect - imitation and modeling
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Views - cognitive development
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Learning Appropriate gender attitudes and behaviors are learned as children pass through a series of developmental steps
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Views - symbolic interaction
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Gender roles are social constructions that emerge through day to day interaction and vary across situations because of other people's expectations
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Views - feminism
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Gender roles different due to socialization, patriarchy and gender scripts
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Role model
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A person we admire and whose behavior we imitate
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Impression management
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Controlling the image we project
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Cognitive development theory
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Posits that children acquire female or male values on their own by thinking, reasoning, and interpreting information in their environment.
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gender script
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How society says someone is supposed to act because of her or his sex
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sexism
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An attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
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peer group
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People who are similar in age, social status and interests.
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gender ideology
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Attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society.
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gender stratification
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People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, opportunity and other valued resources because of their sex.
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sexual harassment
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Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work.
