question

1. E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______. a. operant conditioning b. the psychic reflex c. animal intelligence d. maze learning

answer

animal intelligence

question

Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals." a. anecdotal b. case study c. informal experimental d. intuitive

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Anecdotal

question

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________. a. the reasoning ability of cats is quite remarkable b. treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect" c. the treadle is a CS for stepping d. learning meant connecting the treadle with freedom and food

answer

treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

question

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials. a. decrease in time b. decrease in errors c. change in topography d. increase in the rate of behavior

answer

decrease in time

question

The law of effect says that _______. a. satisfying consequences are more powerful than annoying consequences b. behavior is a function of its consequences c. how an organism perceives events is more important than the events themselves d. effective behavior drives out ineffective behavior

answer

Behavior is a function of its consequences

question

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____. a. educational psychology b. animal learning c. social psychology d. psychological testing

answer

Social psychology

question

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______. a. errors b. repeated trials c. success d. social experiences

answer

Success

question

Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning. a. free b. higher-order c. instrumental d. reward

answer

Instrumental

question

________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box." a. Fred Keller b. E. L. Thorndike c. John Watson d. Clark Hull

answer

Clark Hull

question

Operant learning may also be referred to as _______. a. trial-and-error learning b. effects learning c. non-Pavlovian conditioning d. instrumental learning

answer

Instrumental learning

question

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______. a. a lack of intelligence b. age. Studies show that after the age of 60 learning a second language is nearly impossible. c. the length of time she has spent speaking her native language d. the benefits she receives for not speaking English

answer

the benefits she receives for not speaking English

question

Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. adventitious reinforcement d. punishment

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______. a. a behavior must have a consequence b. the consequence of the behavior must be positive c. a behavior must increase in strength d. the increase in strength must be the result of the behavior's consequence

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be positive

question

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______. a. strengthen behavior b. are positive c. feel good d. provide feedback

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strengthen behavior

question

. The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______. a. two b. four c. six d. nine

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four

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______. a. escape training b. positive training c. satisfier training d. reward learning

answer

reward learning

question

Negative reinforcement is also called _______. a. punishment b. aversive training c. escape-avoidance training d. reward training

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escape-avoidance training

question

Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly. a. preschoolers b. cats c. rats d. pigeons

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pigeons

question

Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______. a. Verbal Behavior b. The Behavior of Organisms c. Particulars of My Life d. Animal Intelligence

answer

The Behavior of Organisms

question

. The author of your text calls Skinner the ______. a. Newton of psychology b. Thorndike of free operant work c. discoverer of reinforcement d. Darwin of behavior science

answer

Darwin of behavior science

question

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______. a. tertiary reinforcer b. secondary reinforcer c. primary reinforcer d. generalized reinforcer

answer

primary reinforcer

question

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______. a. primary b.contrived c. secondary d. classical

answer

classical

question

Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______. a. food b. water c. escape from shock d. morphine

answer

water

question

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _________reinforcer. a. primary b. secondary c. unexpected d. intrinsic

answer

secondary

question

Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers. a. transient b. conditioned c. second-order d. acquired

answer

conditioned

question

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer. a. primary b. tertiary c. generalized d. transient

answer

generalized

question

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______. a. occurred as Albert reached for the rat b. occurred while Albert was eating c. did not bother Albert initially d. was aversive

answer

occurred as Albert reached for the rat

question

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______. a. contiguity b. contingency c. inter-trial interval d. deprivation level

answer

contiguity

question

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________. a. increasing the size of the reinforcer b. preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus c. providing a different kind of reinforcer d. following the reinforcer with a stimulus

answer

preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

question

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______. a. motivating operation b. reward booster c. contrived reinforcer d. activator

answer

motivating operation

question

. ________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing. a. Olds and Milner b. Skinner c. Barnes and Noble d. Hull

answer

Olds and Milner

question

32. _____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement. a. Dopamine b. Stupamine c. Intelamine d. Actomine Ref: 151

answer

Dopamine

question

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____. a. stimulate the brain b. reduce a drive c. activate neurotransmitters d. leave a neural trace Ref: 154

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reduce a drive

question

. The best title for the figure below is ______. a. Motivation and Line Drawing b. The Effect of Practice without Reinforcement c. Trial and Error Learning d. Improvement in Line Drawing with Practice Ref. 155

answer

The Effect of Practice without Reinforcement

question

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory. a. drive-reduction b. relative value c. response deprivation d. random guess Ref: 155

answer

relative value

question

Premack's name is most logically associated with _______. a. drive reduction theory b. relative value theory c. response deprivation theory d. equilibrium theory Ref: 155

answer

relative value theory

question

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______. a. a reduction in drive b. an increase in the potency of a behavior c. a relation between behaviors d. a satisfying state of affairs Ref: 156

answer

a relation between behaviors

question

According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise. a. drive-reduction b. relative value c. response deprivation d. stimulus substitution : 157

answer

response deprivation

question

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that _______. a. the aversive event is signaled b. the aversive event is not signaled c. the aversive event is signaled twice d. there is no aversive event Ref: 162

answer

the aversive event is not signaled

question

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________. a. reinforcement b. the aversive event c. fatigue d. time Ref: 162

answer

time

question

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______. a. escape from the CS b. a reduction in the number of aversive events c. positive reinforcers that follow aversive events d. non-contingent aversives Ref: 163

answer

a reduction in the number of aversive event

question

True/False: Another term for operant is instrumental

answer

True

question

True/False: Positive reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior

answer

True

question

True/False: According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced

answer

True

question

True/False: Reprimands, restraint, captivity, and electrical shocks can be reinforcers.

answer

True

question

True/False: Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior

answer

True

question

True/False: A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature

answer

True

question

True/False: Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms.

answer

False

question

True/False: people can learn to behave randomly provided that reinforcers are made contingent on random acts

answer

True

question

True/False: Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggestss that any feature of a behavior (e.g., intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.

answer

True

question

True/False: Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.

answer

True

question

True/False: In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence.

answer

True

question

True/False: Vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified by operant procedures

answer

True

question

True/False: Pavlovian and operant learning often occur together

answer

True

question

True/False: The more you increase the size of a reinforcer, the less benefit you get from the increase

answer

True

question

True/False: Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior

answer

False

question

True/False: With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure

answer

False

question

True/False: Using ESB as a reinforcer, Talwar and his colleagues got such effective control over the behavior of rats that journalists called the animals robo-rats

answer

True

question

True/False: Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers.

answer

True

question

The experimental chamber developed by Skinner is often called a _________.

answer

Skinner Box

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning

answer

Reward

question

Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.

answer

Escape-avoidance

question

Reinforcers such as praise, positive feedback, and smiles are called ______ reinforcers.

answer

Secondary/conditioned

question

_______ reinforcers are those that have been arranged by someone

answer

Contrived

question

The area of the brain that seems to be associated with reinforcement is called the reward _______.

answer

Pathway/circuit

question

Clark Hull's name is associated with the _______ theory of reinforcement

answer

drive-reduction

question

The _______ principle states that high probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior.

answer

Premack

question

_______ theory assumes that a behavior becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as ofen as we normally would

answer

Response deprivation

question

In _______ _ a response is followed by the withdrawal of, or reduction in the intensity of, an aversive stimulus.

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Operant learning is often described as trial-and-error learning, but Thorndike argued that behavior was selected by ______.

answer

success

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