Chapter 5 JONES – Flashcards
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What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called?
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lipoma
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What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called?
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sarcomas
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Characteristic of a benign tumor
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cells appear relatively normal
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Which factor provides the basis for grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors?
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degree of differentiation of the cells
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A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT
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sudden development of fever, nausea, diarrhea
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The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include
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obstruction of a tube or duct cell necrosis and ulceration
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Which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to?
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the effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells
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Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to different sites?
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metastasis
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One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of the diagnosis is to
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determine the best treatment and the prognosis
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The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with
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an irreversible change in the cell DNA
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What would be an external source of ionizing radiation?
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gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine
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Radiation therapy destroys
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primarily rapidly dividing cells
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The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are
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thrombocytopenia and leucopenia
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Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to
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reduce the adverse effects be effective in more phases of the cell cycle
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Why does ovarian cancer have poor prognosis?
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specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed
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Select the correct pair representing a malignant tumor and its marker
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colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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Antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by
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reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells
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The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means
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the patient is at high risk for infection
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Malignant brain tumors
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spread to other parts of CNS
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Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy
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bone marrow depression
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Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because
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inflammation around the tumor may be reduced
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Vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because
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the gastrointestinal tract is irritated the chemicals stimulate the emetic center
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What type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?
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epithelial cells
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Remission of cancer is generally defined as a period in which
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signs and symptoms are absent
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Correct statements about skin cancer EXCEPT
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they are difficult to diagnose and treat
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High risk factors for cancer include
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1. human papilloma virus 2. chronic irritation and inflammation 3. repeated sun exposure 4. high family incidence
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Apoptosis refers to
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programmed cell death
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The warning signs for cancer include
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unusual bleeding change in bowel habits change in a wart or mole (e.g., color) a new solid lump, often painless
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The classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called
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staging
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Benign tumors can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors
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are encapsulated and slow growing
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Benign tumors in the brain are often life threatening because
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they create excessive pressure within the skull
