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Piaget believed that infants and toddlers

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"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands

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According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called ______ are organized ways of making sense of experience

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schemes

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During ____, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in _____, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely

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assimilation; accommodation

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The circular reaction initially centers on

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the infant's own body

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In Piaget's theory, ____ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence

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newborn reflexes

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Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master

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object permanence

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Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because

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babies still make the A-not-B search error

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Researches using the violation-of-expectation method may use ____ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines

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habituation

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In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renee Baillargeon and her collaborates claimed to have found evidence for

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object permanence in the first few months of life

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Follow-up research on cognitive development indicates that ____ is present as early as 6 weeks

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deferred imitation

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Unlike Piaget, most researches now believe that

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infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience

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According to the core knowledge perspective, each of an infant's ____ permits a ready grasp of new, related information

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core domains of thought

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Core knowledge theorists assume that

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an inherited foundation of linguistic enables swift language acquisition in early childhood

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Research suggests that infants

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have basic numeric knowledge

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Information-processing researchers focus on

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many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving

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In the information-processing system, information first enters

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the sense reigster

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In the ____, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored breifly

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sensory register

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_____ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life

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Working memory

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In the information-processing system, a special part of working memory, called the _____, directs the flow of inforamtion

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Central Executive

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____ and ____ provide windows into early memory by showing that retention of visual events increases dramatically over infancy and toddler hood

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Operant conditioning; habituation

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Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in

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social interaction

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According to Vygotsky, children master activities through

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a joint activities with more mature of their society

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According to Vygotsky, ____ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do within the help of more skilled partners

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the zone of proximal development

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Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests

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focus on the products of cognitive development rather than on the process of development

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One goal of mental testing is to

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arrive at scores that predict future peroformance

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An intelligence quotient (IQ)

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indicates that extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals

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Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do nor reflect their true abilities because

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they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing

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Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents ____ is especially important in facilitating toddlers' intelligence test performance

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talk to their infants and toddlers

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Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to ____ child care score lower and measures of ____ skills

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poor-quality; social and cognitive

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Good quality child care

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can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life

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Early intervention programs

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serve economically at-risk children and their parents

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Which of the following statements about language development is true?

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By age 6, most children speak in elaborate sentence and are skilled conversationalists

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According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a ____ device that contains a universal grammer

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language acquisition

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For most people, language is

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housed largely in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

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Social- interactionsts emphasize that

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children's social skills and language experience are centrally involved in language developement

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Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of

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cooing

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Baby Greer says "babababa". This is an example of

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babbling

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Babies everywhere start babbling at about the same age, but for babbling to develop further,

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babies must be able to hear human speech

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The earlier toddlers ___, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of second year

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form word-gesture combinations

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Sixteen-month-old Grayson calls all dogs "dog", but only uses the word "puppy" to refer to his family's dog. This is an example of

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underextension

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Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of

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overextension

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Which of the following statements about over extension is true?

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Children often overextend deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word

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Miranda says "more apple". This two-word utterance is an example of

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telegraph speech

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Which of the following parent-child activities strongly predicts academic success during the school years?

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reading and talking about picture books

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Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation

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create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands

Chapter 5 Infancy and Toddlerhood – Flashcards

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