Chapter 5: Conflict and Absolution in Europe (1550-1715) – Flashcards
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Son of Charles V/ Greatest supporter of militant Catholicism(fighting Catholicism)/ Insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism & strong monarchic authority
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King Phillip II
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Areas ruled by King Phillip II
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Milan, Naples, Sicily, the Netherlands, Spain & its empire in the Americas
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Spanish Jews
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The Mores
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How did Spain see itself?
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As a nation chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from Protestant heretics
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Spain's leadership of a Holy League against the Turks resulted in victory over the Turkish fleets at this naval battle in 1571
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the Battle of Lepanto
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Philips's attempts to strengthen control in the 17 provinces of the Spanish Netherlands leads to what?
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Resentment & opposition from the nobles of Netherlands/ Queen Elizabeth backs the provinces
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How did Phillip attempt to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands?
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He sent 10,000 troops to crush the rebellion
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Prince of Orange/ Led the resisting provinces of Netherlands against Philip
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William the Silent
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What ended the war between Spain and the Spanish provinces?
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12 year truce
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Northern provinces/ Became the core of the Dutch state
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The United Provinces of Netherlands
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Why was the 17th Century the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic?
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The United Provinces were one of Europe's greatest powers
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Came to throne in 1558 & England became leader of the Protestant nations/ Solved the religious problems put in place by her Catholic half sister, Queen Mary/ Repealed laws favoring Catholics
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Queen Elizabeth Tudor
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What was the policy of the Church of England under Queen Elizabeth?
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The Church of England (Anglican Church) followed a moderate Protestantism (Anglicanism), which satisfied most of England
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What was Queen Elizabeth's foreign policy?
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Moderate/ In order to keep a balance of powers, England sided with the weaker nation (Spain or France)
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Powerful Spanish navy
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Armada
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Why did Philip send an armada to invade England?
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To overthrow Protestantism
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Why was Philip's armada not successful?
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He did not have the ships or manpower that he hoped/ England had superior commanders (pirates) and fire ships
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Why did Spain go bankrupt?
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Philip spent too much money on war
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French civil wars that took place 1562-1598/ Catholic Kings persecuted Protestantism throughout the country (but did not stop the spread of Protestantism)
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The French Wars of Religion
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French Protestants influenced by John Calvin/ 7% of the population/ 40-50% of the nobility
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Huguenots
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Extreme Catholic Party/ Strongly opposed Huguenots/ Had the loyalty if Northern France & could pay for large armies
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Ultra Catholics
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Huguenot political leader/ Succeeded the throne of France
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Henry of Navarre/Henry IV
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In order to become King, what did Henry have to do? And what did this put an end to?
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Convert to Catholicism in order to be accepted by Catholic France/ Put an end to fighting in France
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Issued by Henry/ Recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy all political privileges, like holding public office/ appeased Huguenots & Catholics
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Edict of Nantes
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Rising prices
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Inflation
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Spain's economy became dependent on this/ Dried up and were failing, which hurt Spain's economy
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Silver mines
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Why was Italy's economy declining?
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Population was growing/ Loss if Muslim and Jewish artisans and merchants
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Contributed to population decline and created social tensions
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Warfare, famine & plague
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What led to concern about witchcraft?
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Inquisition and hunt for heretics
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How many people were charged with witchcraft?
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100,000+
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Most likely accused of witchcraft
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Common people (poor and without property) Women (Mainly single or widowed & 50+)
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Why did religious dispute continue in Germany after The Peace of Augsburg?
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The peace settlement did not recognize Calvinism (& Calvinism was spreading throughout Europe)
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The "last of the religious wars"
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The Thirty Years War
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What did the Thirty Years War begin as?
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The struggle between Catholic forces (led by the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperors) and Protestant nobles in Bohemia
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What happened after Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain entered the Thirty Years War?
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It became more political/ France fought against the Holy Roman Emperor and Spain in an attempt to gain European leadership
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Directed France in the Thirty Years War
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Catholic Cardinal Richelieu
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Ended the Thirty Years War/ Gave Sweden & France acquisitions in the Baltic Sea Region/ Divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent states, each with the freedom to determine their own religion and conduct foreign policy
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Peace of Westphalia
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Civil War in England/ War between kings and Parliament to determine what role each should play in governing Europe
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The English Revolution
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First of the Stuart rulers after the death of Queen Elizabeth/ Believed in the divine right of kings
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James I
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Kings power is received from God and is only responsible to God
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Divine right of kings
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Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas/ Did not like the king's strong defense of the Church of England/ Wished to make the church more Protestant
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Puritans
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Son of James I/ Also believed in the divine right of kings/ Tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England/ Ignored the Petition of Rights
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Charles I
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Passed by Parliament/ Placed limits on the kings ability to tax, imprison citizens without cause, quarter troops, and institute marital law
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Petition of Right
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Supporters of the king
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Cavaliers
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Parliamentary forces
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Round heads
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The reason Parliament was victorious/ Consisted of Independents
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The New Model Army
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Military genius/ Built the New Model Army
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Oliver Cromwell
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Extreme Puritans that believed they were doing battle for God
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Independents
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After the New Model Army took control, what did Cromwell do?
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Purged Parliament of any members not supportive of him (What was left was called Rump Parliament)/ Executed Charles I/ Abolished the monarchy
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Declared England a commonwealth, a type of Republic
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The House of Lords
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After finding working with the Rump Parliament difficult, what did Cromwell do?
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Dispersed the Rump Parliament by force/ Destroyed both King and Parliament/ Set up a military dictatorship (ruled until death)
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Son of Charles I/ Restored the monarchy after Cromwell
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Charles II
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Passed by Parliament/ Specified that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
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Test Act
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King after Charles II/ Devout Catholic? Named Catholics to high positions in the government, army, navy and universities
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James II
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Who did a group of English nobles invite to invade England?
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William of Orange and his wife Mary (daughter of James II)
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Why did James II retreat from William's troops at Torbay?
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The desertion of soldiers and desertion of his daughter Anne and her husband
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Parliament offered to throne William and Mary as long as the accepted what?
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A Bill of Rights
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Set forth Parliaments right to make laws and levy taxes/ Made it impossible for king to oppose or to do without Parliament/ Stated that standing armies could be raised only with Parliaments consent/ Gave citizens the right to keep arms and have a jury trial
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Bill of Rights
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Bill of Rights helped create a system of government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament, which laid the foundation for this
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limited & constitutional monarchy
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Granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship/ After this, few English citizens would be persecuted for religion again
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Toleration Act of 1689
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Judge & professor of law/ Wrote "Commentaries on the Laws of England"/ Argued that political stability could be achieved by a revived emphasis on English common law
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William Blackstone
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Published "Leviathan" to deal with the problem if disorder/ Argued that before organized society, humans were guided by the ruthless struggle for self preservation
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Thomas Hobbes
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Published "Two Treaties of Government"/ Believed that before organized society, humans were in a state of equality/ Believed all humans had the natural rights to life, liberty and property
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John Locke
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A system in which a ruler holds total power/ tied to the idea of the divine right of kings
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Absolutism
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Best example of absolutism/ Sun King/ Took supreme power after Mazarin died/ Built the Palace of Versailles/ Had complete power over traditional areas (foreign policy, church and taxes)/ Powers were limited at the local level so he bribed important people to carry out his policies
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Louis XIV
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Played an important part in preserving the authority of the monarchy while Louis XIII and Louis XIV were young
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Cardinal Richelieu (with XIII) and Cardinal Mazarin (with XIV)
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Strengthened monarchical power/ Took away Huguenot rights/ Set up a network of spies
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Demonstrated wealth, power and glory of France/ 10,000 people lived here including the royal council
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The Palace of Versailles
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What was Louis XIV religious policy?
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Anti-Protestant/ Aimed at converting Huguenots to Catholicism
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Louis's controller-general of finances/ Increased France's wealth and power through mercantilism/ Granted subsidies and improved communication and transportation/ Raised tariffs and created a merchant marine
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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Louis did this to increase royal power
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Raise a standing army of 400,000 to ensure that his Bourbon Dynasty dominated Europe
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What was the state of France after Louis's death?
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France was surrounded by enemies and French people were in poverty
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Practiced absolute monarchy/ Sought to centralize the government/ Unable to curtail the power of the Spanish nobles/ Expensive military campaigns led to revolts and decline of Spain
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Phillip IV
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"The Great Elector"/ Laid the foundation for the Prussian state/ Built a standing army of 40,000/ Set up the General War Commissariat
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Frederick William/King Frederick I
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Used to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth/ Became an agency for civil government
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General War Commissariat
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Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy/ Prussian nobles
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Junkers
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Never centralized because of ethnic diversity/ Collection of territories held together by the emperor (each territory had its own laws and political life)
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Austrian Hapsburg
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Russian nobles
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Boyars
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First ruler to take the title of czar/ Expanded Russian territories eastward/ Crushed the power of the nobility "The Terrible"
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Ivan IV
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A period of anarchy that came after Ivan's dynasty
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The Time of Troubles
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Ended the Time of Troubles/ Chose Michael Romanov as the new czar
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Zensity Sabor/National Assembly
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Absolute monarch of Russia who claimed the divine right of kings/ Westernalized Russia & borrowed European technology/ Modernized army & navy, making Russia a great power/ Divided Russia into provinces in hope if creating a "police state"
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Peter The Great
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Port opened by Peter the Great with access to Europe/ Allowed control of the Baltic Sea/ Base for the new Russian navy/ Russian capital
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St. Petersburg
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Reflected the tensions of religious upheaval and spirituality of religious revival
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Art after the Renaissance
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Reflected the new environment by deliberately breaking down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony & moderation/ Ignored proportion & used elongated figures
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Mannerism
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"The Greek"/ Highest point of Mannerism/ Studied Renaissance painting in Venice/ Career stalled in Rome, but succeeded in Spain/ Figures were elongated/ Yellow and green against stormy gray
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El Greco
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Tried to connect the ideas of Renaissance art & spiritual feelings of the religious revival/ Art & architecture reflected a search for power/ Used dramatic effect/ Magnificent and richly detailed churches & palaces
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Baroque Art
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Greatest figure of the Baroque period/ Italian architect & sculptor/ Completed Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini/ Highly decorated cover for the Pope's Medieval wooden throne
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"The Throne of Saint Peter"
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Italian Baroque artist/ Used dramatic lighting to heighten emotions, focus detail & isolate figures/ Emphasized everyday experience & religious figures as common people
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Caravaggio
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Less well known than the male artists/ Dominated the 17th Century art world in Italy but is prominent in her own right/ First woman to be elected to the Florentine Academy of Design/ Portrait painter/ Famous for her Old Testament heroines
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Artemisia Gentileschi
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Embodied the Baroque movement in Flanders/ Scholar, diplomat & artist/ Best known for his depictions of the human form in action
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Peter Paul Rubens
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German organist & composer/ Director at the Church of Saint Thomas/ Composed "Mass in B Minor"
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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German who spent career in England/ Wrote secular music/ Best known for religious music/ Composed "Messiah"
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George Frederic Handel
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Most famous English dramatist/ "A complete man of the theater"/ Wrote plays, acted and was a shareholder in the chief theater company, The Lord Chamberlains Men/ Wrote 150 sonnets/ Brought new words into common usage/ Showed remarkable understanding of the human condition
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William Shakespeare
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Three types of plays Shakespeare wrote
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Tragedies, comedies & histories
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His work was the crowning achievement of the golden age of Spanish literature/ Wrote the novel "Don Quixote"
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Miguel de Cervants
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Novel/ Greatest literary work of all time/ Readers are left with the conviction that both visionary dreams and hard work of reality are necessary to the human condition
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Don Quixote
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Set the standard for playwrights/ Wrote plays for money and to please audiences
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Cope de Vega
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Named Elizabeth as "the only supreme governor"
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Act of Supremacy
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Phillip's religious affairs
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"The Most Catholic King"/ Greatest supporter of Militant Catholicism/ Insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism to strengthen his power/ Attempted to crush Calvinism in Netherlands/ Netherlands resisted and waged war for 12 years until a truce
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Elizabeth's religious affairs
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Repealed laws favoring Catholics/ Moderate Protestantism (Anglicanism)/ Most were satisfied
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Phillip's foreign affairs
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Conflict with Turks/ Defeated them at The Battle of Lepanto/ Conflict with Europe after attempting to overthrow Protestantism/ England defeated the Spanish armada
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Elizabeth's foreign affairs
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Moderate foreign policy/ Sided with the weaker nation to keep a balance of power/ No conflict/ Sided with Netherlands and aided provinces when they rebelled against Phillip/ Conflict with England after Phillip tried to overthrow Protestantism/ Defeated Spanish armada
