Chapter 5 – Microbiology Terms – Flashcards
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| symbiosis |
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| eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic organisms by a process called intracellular ____ |
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| 9+2 |
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| arrangement of microtubules in the flagella and cilia of eukaryotes |
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| cilia |
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| eukaryotic appendage that can function for movement, feeding, and filtering |
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| glycocalyx |
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| eukaryotic cells have a _______ on their outer surface |
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| glycocalyx |
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| an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment on eukaryotes |
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| prokaryotes |
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| the glycocalyx of eukaryotes is structurally similar to _____ |
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| animal and protozoa |
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| all ____ cells lack a cell wall |
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| sterols |
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| in addition to phospholipids, the cell membrane of eukaryotes also contain ______ |
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| sterols |
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| the relative rigidity of ____ confers stability to the eukaryotic membrane |
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| nucleus |
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| the _____ of the eukaryote is composed of two parallel membranes seperated by a narrow space |
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| nuclear pores |
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| passageways through which macromolecules migrate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and vice versa |
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| nucleoplasm |
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| matrix that is contained in the nucleus |
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| nucleolus |
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| area of the nucleus that stains darker because of the RNA content |
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| nucleolus |
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| the site for RNA synthesis and collection area for ribosomal subunits |
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| ribosome |
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| the ribosomal subunits are transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm for final assembly in the ______ |
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| chromatin |
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| a network of dark fibers in the nucleoplasm that comprises the eukaryotic chromosomes |
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| chromosomes |
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| large units of genetic information in the eukaryotic cell |
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| DNA |
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| the nucleus contains instructions in the form of _____ |
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| meiosis |
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| the process by which sex cells are created |
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| cisternae |
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| spaces in the RER that trasports materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell's exterior |
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| proteins |
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| ____ synthesized in the ribosomes are shunted into the RER for packaging and transport |
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| SER |
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| functions in nutrient processing and in synthesis and storage of nonprotien macromolecules |
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| Golgi apparatus |
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| the site in the cell where protiens are modified and sent to their final destination |
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| cisternae |
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| the flattened, disc-shaped sacs that make up the Golgi apparatus |
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| endoplasmic reticulum |
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| the Golgi apparatus is always associated with the _____ ____ in location and function |
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| polysaccharides and lipids |
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| once in the Golgi apparatus, proteins are often modified by the addition of ________ and ______ |
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| RNA code |
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| in the ribosomes, specific proteins are synthesized using ____ ___ |
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| lysosome |
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| type of vesicle that originates from the Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes used in intracellular digestion and protection |
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| lysosomes |
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| ____ also participate in digestion and removal of cell debris in damaged tissue |
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| vacuoles |
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| membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored. |
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| phagocytic |
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| vacuoles are formed in _____ cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed |
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| phagosome |
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| a lysosome merges with a vacuole to digest its contents and forms a _______ |
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| mitochondria |
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| a bulk of the energy in eukaryotes is generated by the ____________ |
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| cristae |
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| the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria that can be tubular, finger-like, or folded into shelflike bands |
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| aerobic respiration |
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| the cristae of the mitochondria hodl the enzymes and electron carriers of _____ ______ |
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| matrix |
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| the spaces around the cristae are filled with a chemically complex fluid called _____ |
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| matrix |
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| portion of mitochondria which holds ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes and other compounds involved in the metabolic cycle |
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| mitochondria |
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| ________ divide independantly of the cell, contain circular strands of DNA, and have prokaryotic-sized 70S DNA |
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| chloroplasts |
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| organelles foud in algae and plant cells that are capable of converting energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
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| chloroplasts |
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| _____ resemble mitochondria, but are larger, contain special pigments, and are much more varied in shape |
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| thylakoids |
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| the inner membrane of chloroplasts fold into small, disclike sacs called _____ |
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| grana |
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| the thylakoids of chloroplasts are stacked upon one another into _____ |
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| stroma |
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| ground substance that surrounds that grana of chlorophyll |
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| chemical energy - carbohydrates |
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| the role of the photosynthetic pigments in chlorophyl is to absorb and transform solar energy into ______ which is used during reactions in the stroma to synthesize _______ |
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| polyribosomes (polysomes) |
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| multiple ribosomes are often found in short chains called ________ |
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| ribonucleoproteins |
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| both eurkaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are made up of large and small subunits called ____________ |
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| 80S - 60S - 40S |
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| the eukaryotic ribonucleoproteins are the larger ____ variety which is a combination of the smaller ___ and ___ |
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| cytoskeleton |
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| the ctyoplasm of eukaryotic cell is criss-crossed by a flexible framework of molecules called the ____________ |
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| microfilaments |
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| part of the cytoskeleton that is thin protein strands that attach to the cell membrane and form a network through the cytoplasm |
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| microfilaments |
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| some ____ are responsible for the movement of cytoplasm |
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| ameboid motion |
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| some microfilaments are active in ____ ____ which allows the cell membrane to stretch for movement |
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| microtubules |
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| part of the cytoskeleton that is long, hollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells without cell walls and transport substances from one part of a cell to the next |
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| microtubules |
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| the spindle fibers that play an active role in mitosis are actually ______ |
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| microtubules |
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| ______ are responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella |
