question

Albuminuria

answer

The abnormal presence of albumin in the urine.

question

Azotemia

answer

Retention in the blood of excessive amounts of nitrogenous wastes.

question

Copulation

answer

Sexual intercourse.

question

Erythropoietin

answer

A substance released from the kidneys and liver that promotes red blood formation.

question

Urgency

answer

A sudden, compelling desire to urinate and the inability to control the release of urine.

question

Urology

answer

The study of the urinary tract in both male and female patients.

question

Urethritis

answer

Inflammation of the urethra

question

Cystitis

answer

Infection of the urinary bladder

question

Pyelonephritis

answer

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney

question

Glomerulonephritis

answer

Degenerative inflammation of the glomeruli

question

Creatinine

answer

Nitrogenous wastes from muscle metabolism that is excreted in the urine.

question

Blood Urea Nitrogen

answer

A blood test to detect renal disease.

question

Urinalysis

answer

A common laboratory examination used to diagnose and evaluate diseases in multiple body systems.

question

Epididymis

answer

A long, coiled tube that rests on the top and lateral side of each testis.

question

Renal calculi

answer

Kidney stones

question

BPH

answer

A condition in which the signs and symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, difficulty: starting urination, hematuria, and repeated UTIs.

question

Crytorchidism

answer

Undescended testicles

question

Prostatitis

answer

Inflammation of the prostate

question

Balantitis

answer

Inflammation of the glans penis

question

Impotence

answer

A form of erectile dysfunction

question

Hydrocele

answer

A sac of clear fluid in the scrotum

question

Filtration

answer

Passage of fluid and waste materials from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capusle.

question

Reabsorption

answer

Absorption of fluid and other substances from the renal tubules

question

Excretion

answer

_____ of waste material in the form of urine.

question

Filtration, reabsorption, excretion

answer

List the three processes of urine formation.

question

Urinary

answer

Maintain water-electrolyte balance, activate vitamin D, secrete erythropoientin for RBC production, and regulated blood pressure through renin are the primary functions of which system?

question

20

answer

Urethra is _____ cm in males.

question

3 to 4

answer

Urethra is __ to __ cm in females.

question

Meatus

answer

Urine passes through the urinary _____ .

question

Nephron unit

answer

Filtration and reabsorption occurs in the ____ ___.

question

Stress Incontinence

answer

Temporary or chronic loss of urinary control caused by straining or coughing in postsurgical patients and in patients with weak pelvic musculature.

question

Urinary incontinence

answer

A temporary or chronic loss of urinary control causes vary by infections, brain disorders, tissue damage.

question

Chronic glomerulus

answer

Causes progressive, irreversible renal damage; may result in renal failure; caused by antigen antibody reaction that destroys the nephron unit.

question

ESWL

answer

Uses vibrations of powerful sound waves to break stones into fragmented pieces that can be passed. High energy sound waves are passed through the body toward the exact location of the calculi.

question

Hydronephrosis

answer

Swelling of kidney caused by inability of urine to drain out of renal pelvis caused by blockage from renal calculi, enlarged prostate, or a tumor.

question

Polycystic Disease

answer

Autosomal dominant genetic disorder.Slowly progressive and irreversible which eventually will require renal dialysis or kidney transplant.

question

Bladder Cancer

answer

Most common cancer of the urinary tract two to three times more common in men. tumors are invasive and can metastasize through the blood or surrounding pelvic lymph nodes.

question

Wilms Tumor

answer

Cancer of kidney in children, occurs unilaterally at about 2 to 5 years of age. 90% survival rate.

question

Acute Renal Failure

answer

Sudden, severe onset. Causes are exposure to toxic chemicals, circulatory collapse from serious burns or heart disease; acute bilateral kidney infection or inflammation. Primary problem must be resolved as quickly as possible to prevent permanent renal failure.

question

Chronic Renal Failure

answer

Slowly progressive process and causes are diabetes.

question

Enuresis

answer

Inability to control urination or bed wetting; may be caused by physical or psychological disorders.

question

Urine Reflux Disorder

answer

Backward flow of urine into the ureters when voiding; usually caused by an infection.

question

Benign Prostatic hypertrophy

answer

Swelling of the prostate gland; partially blocks flow of urine, creating medium for bacterial infection.

question

Prostate-Specific Antigen

answer

PSA level between 4 and 10 indicates 25% chance of prostate cancer, higher than 10 increases chance to 50%.

question

Chlamydia

answer

Most frequently reported infectious disease in the United States; diagnosed with urine test; complications among men are rare.

question

Gonorrhea

answer

Second most commonly reported infectious disease; CDC estimates twice as many new infectious occur each year, untreated infections can cause epididymis and possible infertility.

question

Syphillis

answer

Highly infectious in early stages but easily curable; untreated it can lead to serious long-term complications, including nerve, cardiovascular, organ damage, and death.

question

Viral

answer

There is no cure for ____ STDs such as HIV or herpes.

question

Genital Herpes

answer

Transmission can occur from an infected partner who does not have a visible sore, condoms do not completely prevent transmission.

question

HPV

answer

May be unaware of the infection but can transmit it to sex partner; genital warts may disappear without treatment.

question

Myoglobinuria

answer

Abnormal presence of a hemoglobin-like chemical of muscle tissue in urine as the result of muscle deterioration

question

Ischemia

answer

Decreased blood flow to a body part or organ caused by constriction or plugging of the supplying artery.

question

PMN

answer

White blood cells, leukocytes that have segmented nuclei.

question

Glycosuria

answer

Presence of glucose in the urine

question

Renal threshold

answer

level above which a substance cannot be reabsorbed by the renal tubules and therefore is excreted in the urine.

question

Filtrate

answer

Fluid that remains after a liquid is passed through a membranous filter.

question

Urinaometer

answer

A sealed glass float with a calibrated paper scale in its stem. With a slight spinning motion, it is placed into a cylinder containing a urine sample, and the valve is read at the meniscus of the urine.

question

Dipsticks

answer

Strips used to test the specific gravity of urine.

question

Refractometer

answer

Device that measures the refraction of light through solids in a liquid.

question

Clnitest

answer

Glucose test on a reagent strip. A tablet is dropped into a test tube of urine, and the color of the tube's contents is compared with a chart.

question

Acetest

answer

Reagent tablets used to test for the presence of fat metabolism byproducts.

question

HCG

answer

Substance detected by all pregnancy tests.

question

Amorphous

answer

Shape of urates or phosphates that settle out of unrefrigerated urine samples.

question

Bilirubinuria

answer

Medical term for a urine sample with a persistent greenish-yellow foam that may indicate the patient viral hepatitis.

question

Culture and Sensitivity

answer

Procedure performed in the microbiology laboratory in which a specimen in cultured on artificial media to detect bacterial or fungal growth, followed by appropriate screening for antibiotic sensitivity.

question

Casts

answer

Protein that has taken on the size and shape of the renal tubules that is washed into the urine.

question

Random, two-hour, twenty-four hour, second-voided, clean-catch, catheterized

answer

List the six different methods of collecting a urine specimen.

question

Appearance, volume, foam, odor, specific gravity

answer

List the five components of the physical examination of urine.

question

Glucose, protein, ketones, blood, urobilinogen, bilirubin, nitrite, leukocytes.

answer

List the eight chemical components of urine.

question

Dysuria

answer

Painful or difficult urination.

question

Urgency

answer

The need to urinate

question

Retention

answer

Holding urine in the bladder

question

Incontinence

answer

The inability to control urine output, and may be caused by infection of the Urinary Tract, brain disorders, and Tissue Damage.

question

Polyuria

answer

Too much urination

question

Oliguria

answer

Scanty production of urine

question

1 to 2 liters

answer

What is the normal volume of urine produced each day?

question

Pyuria

answer

Pus in the urine

question

Cranberry

answer

What kind of juice is an excellent fluid to flush out the urinary system?

question

Cystoscopy

answer

A procedure to visualize the bladder and look for stones.

question

Hemodialysis

answer

Done in the hospital or in a center, usually 3 times a week for those patients who have kidney failure.

question

CAPD

answer

Usually done at home every day for proper treatment.Patient may be put on the kidney transplant list.

question

Proteinuria

answer

One of the first signs of Renal disease is

question

urine

answer

_____ is examined for two reasons: 1) to detect extrinsic conditions, those in which the kidney is functioning normally, 2) to detect intrinsic pathologic conditions that involve the kidney's or urinary tract.

question

Container

answer

Urine is collected into a _____ , designed to hold liquid for the specific test requested.

question

Random Specimen

answer

A freshly collected specimen in a clean container

question

Mid-Stream Specimen

answer

A sample collected as part of the mid stream voiding, the flow is initiated into the toilet, then stopped, a container is now placed in projected stream, urine flow is re-initiated and sample is collected, flow is then stopped, the container is removed, and finally flow is completed into toilet.

question

First Morning Specimen

answer

Collected when patient first rises in the morning, this specimen is best for protein determinations, bacterial cultures, pregnancy testing and microscopic examinations.

question

Two-hour postprandial specimen

answer

Collected 2 hours after eating; used to screen for diabetes.

question

24 hour urine specimen

answer

All urine produced for 24 hours is collected and saved for quantitative chemical analysis, such as hormone levels or creatinine clearance.

question

Second voided specimen

answer

After discarding the first morning specimen, collect the next sample produced as a second voided specimen.

question

Catheterized specimen

answer

Urine collected from the bladder after a tube has been inserted through the urethra into the bladder.

question

Suprapubic specimen

answer

Use of a syringe and needle to collect urine produced and contained in the bladder.

question

Clean Catch

answer

The process of cleaning the urethra meatus thoroughly prior to collection, normally used for bacterial cultures, also called a CCMS or clean catch midstream specimen.

question

Physical, chemical, microscopic examinations

answer

The Routine Urinalysis consists of three basic tests done on that sample:

question

Appearance

answer

Color is dependent upon the concentration of a pigment, Urochrome and the amount of water in the specimen. Variations of color may be due to diet, medication, and disease. Ex: pale straw, yellow, dark yellow, amber, reddish, red.

question

Turbidity

answer

Cloudiness or clarity of the sample. This may range from clear, slightly hazy, hazy, turbid, cloudy, to moderately cloudy. Cloudiness may be caused by cells, bacteria, yeast, vaginal contaminants or crystals.

question

Specific Gravity

answer

The weight of total solids dissolved in the urine sample can be measured using a total solids meter or TS Meter. It represents a rough measurement of the concentration or amount of substances dissolved in the urine.

question

1.010 1.025

answer

Most urine samples have a specific gravity between ___ and ____.

question

Volume

answer

Normally not recorded, a routine volume of between 20 to 50 mL is the recommended sample volume. Measuring the volume of urine is normally done with a 24 hour specimen and is used in the calculations of the analyte tested.

question

Foam

answer

Normally not recorded, but can be significant clue to an abnormality, presence of increased protein in the specimen or greenish-yellowish foam can mean bilirubinuria

question

Odor

answer

Normally not recorded, but can be an important clue to metabolic disorders. Normal urine is said to aromatic and changes of this odor can be due to changes in diet or bacterial infection.

question

Dip-stix

answer

The chemical examination of the urine are normally done with a reagent test strip or a ____-___.

question

pH

answer

The measurement of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the urine. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, less than 7 represents acidity, while results greater than 7 represents alkalinity.

question

6-8

answer

What is the normal urine pH level range?

question

Glucose

answer

Normally not found in urine, but if present, is called glycosuria and is common in patient with diabetes.

question

Protein

answer

May be detectable as proteinuria in athletes and may be normal in slight amounts in normal people.

question

Ketones

answer

The end product of fat metabolism in the body and is common in starvation diets, low-carbohydrate diets, vomiting, and diabetes.

question

Blood

answer

May indicate infection of trauma to the urinary tract or bleeding in the kidneys and is called hematuria.

question

Bilirubin

answer

Also known as urobilinogen: are the products of RBC destruction and are increased in liver disease and may color the urine from yellowish-brown to greenish-orange.

question

Nitrite

answer

Seen when bacteria in the urine break down nitrates, a common component in normal urine. Presence of nitrites indicate the presence of bacterial infection or UTI.

question

Leukocyte Esterase

answer

Indicates the presence of leukocytes or WBCs and only detects the neutrophiles that are present during a bacterial infection or UTI. Not seen in viral infections, where the agranular leukocytes will be increased.

question

RBC

answer

Entering at any point where there is inflammation or injury.

question

WBC

answer

Occasional cells are not abnormal, but increased numbers indicate bacterial infection.

question

False

answer

T/F. Hemodialysis is done once a week to maintain health.

question

False

answer

T/F. Patients receiving peritoneal dialysis must report to the hospital or dialysis center for procedure.

question

False

answer

T/F. The presents of cast in urine sediment always indicates a pathological condition.

question

False

answer

T/F. The Ace test is performed to detect abnormal pH in urine.

question

Both

answer

T/F. The CLITA test is performed as a screening test for glycosuria.

question

False

answer

T/F. The EIA test results for pregnancy is positive if anti-HCG is present in the urine.

question

False

answer

T/F. The urinometer is the most frequently used in determining the specific gravity of a specimen.

question

Ureters

answer

What part of the urinary system is responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

question

Oliguria

answer

Which of the following words refers to scanty amounts of urine production?

question

All of the above

answer

Which of the following refers to the passage of urine from the body: Micturition, Urination, Voiding, All of the above.

question

All of the above or Pregnancy

answer

A medical assistant directs a patient to collect a morning specimen for which of the following test: Pregnancy, Culture for bacteria, Quantitative protein determination, All of the above?

question

Bilirubin

answer

Urine with high suspected levels of which substance should be stored in the dark before testing?

question

Refrigerate it

answer

If a urine specimen cannot be analyzed in thirty minutes, the best course of action is to ?

question

Precipitated Amorphous Urine Crystals

answer

You return from a lunch break and find that several urine's are waiting in the refrigerator to be tested, one of the specimens has a thick layer of pinkish-fluffy colored sediment on the bottom, what might this sediment be: Blood cells, epithelial cells, lipids, precipitated amorphous urine crystals.

question

Reddish brown diabetes

answer

Which of the following is mismatched concerning urine color and the likely pathological cause: Red-bleeding in the urinary tract, Greenish yellow-liver disorder, Blue green-sudamorus infection, Reddish brown-diabetes?

question

pH

answer

You fail to refrigerate a urine sample for an extended period of time for testing which of the following is likely to increase: ketones, glucose, bilirubin, pH.

question

5-8

answer

What is the normal pH range for urine?

question

3

answer

When obstructing a female patient for a Clean Catch Midstream Urine sample, how many antiseptic towelettes does she need?

question

2 Liters

answer

The normal volume of urine produced in an adult in a 24 hour period usually does not exceed?

question

PSA

answer

Prostate cancer tends to be detected by?

question

E.Coli

answer

Which of the following is not sexually transmitted: HIV, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, E. Coli?

question

E.Coli

answer

Which is the most common cause of UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) ?

question

Kidney Ureter Bladder

answer

KUB is an x-ray study of the ?

question

Polyuria

answer

Which of the following words refers to large amounts of urine production?

question

All of the above

answer

Which of the following items should be included on a urine specimen label: Date of collection, Time of collection, patient's name, all of the above.

question

Midstream clean catch specimen

answer

Which of the following is a non-sterile procedure usually performed before a urine culture and sensitivity test: catherization of the bladder, Collection of a midstream clean catch specimen, collection of a random specimen, super pubic aspiration, collection of 24 hour specimen?

question

Implantation to delivery

answer

Urine pregnancy test is positive only before: implantation of the fertilized egg, fertilization through first trimester, implantation of fertilization egg through the first trimester, implantation of the fertilized egg through delivery?

question

10x objective decreased illumination

answer

Cast in the urine sediment are best observed with: 10x objective decreased illumination, 100x objective increased illumination, 10x objective increased illumination, 100x objective decreased illumination?

question

RBC

answer

In the microscopic observation of urine sediment, yeast most resembles?

question

Squamous Epithelial Cells

answer

The cell most likely seen in a normal specimen: RBC, Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells, Squamous Epithelial Cells, Leukocytes?

question

Normal

answer

A urine specimen is tested and shown that its pH is 8, this value is: abnormally low, abnormally high, mid range normal, normal?

question

Urobiliogen

answer

Which of the following is always present in small quantity of normal urine: Bilirubin, glucose, Urobiliogen, Leukocytes estrates.

question

Urochrome

answer

The pigment _____ is responsible for the color of urine?

question

Proteinuria

answer

One of the first detectable signs of renal disease is?

question

increased pH increased nitrites increased leukocytes estrates

answer

On a chemical analysis of a urine specimen from a female with a urinary tract infection most likely reveals: decreased pH-increased nitrites-increased leukocytes estrates, increase pH-decreased nitrites-decreased leukocytes estrates, increased pH-decreased nitrites-increased leukocytes estrates?

question

Abnormally high

answer

A specific gravity of a urine sample reads 1.035, this valued is considered to be: abnormally high, abnormally low, normal, none of the above?

question

1.010-1.025

answer

What is the normal specific gravity of a urine sample?

question

Ketones

answer

You open a urine sample for testing in immediately detecting fruity odor, which test would you expect be elevated on a chemical analysis: protein, urobiliogen, ketones, bilirubin?

question

Diabetes Mellitus

answer

Physical assessment of urine reveals a pale straw colored urine with a sweet odor what pathologic condition might this suggest: diabetes mellitus, UTI, kidney disease, dehydration?

question

Erythropoietin

answer

What promotes the production of RBCs?

question

Uremia, Chronic glomerular arthritis

answer

What is marked by hypertension and anuria?

question

Opportunistic infection

answer

What occurs in patients with AIDS because of decreased cell mediated immunity?

question

Hyline

answer

What cast are not uncommon in the area of athletes?

question

Menstruating

answer

A random sample may contain blood from a vaginal examination if the women is?

question

Toxicology

answer

______ is the study of poisonous substances and their affects on the body?

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