Chapter 4 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice – Flashcards
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assumptions
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Statements that describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual and that are accepted as truths.
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concepts
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Mental formulations of objects or events that come from individual perceptual experience.
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domain
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Perspective and territory of a professional discipline.
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grand theory
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Theory that requires further specification through research before it can be fully tested and applied.
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input
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Information that enters the system.
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interdisciplinary theory
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Theory that suggests a purposive and systematic view of phenomena specific to the discipline of the inquiry.
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middle-range theory
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Theory that is limited in scope and less abstract; it addresses specific phenomena or concepts and reflects nursing practice.
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nursing theory
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Organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing.
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output
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End product of a system.
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paradigm
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Term used to denote the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted by a discipline.
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person
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Recipient of care.
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prescriptive theory
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Theory addressing nursing therapeutics and the consequences of interventions.
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theory
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Set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of phenomena.
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nursing's paradigm
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Links the person, health, environment/situation and nursing to direct the activities of the nursing profession, including knowledge development, philosophy, theory, education experience, research and practice.
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phenomena
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Data that can be observed in reality.
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nursing
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Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.
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feedback
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In communication theory, information produced by a receiver and perceived by a sender that informs the sender about the receiver's reaction to the message. Feedback is a cyclical part of the process of communication that regulates and modifies the content of messages.
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Descriptive Theories
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The first level of theory development. These theories explain, relate, and in some situations predict nursing phenomena.
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systems theory
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A system is made up of separate components. The components are interrelated and share a common purpose to form a whole. There are two types of systems, open and closed.
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Open system
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Interacts with the environment, exchanging information between the system and the environment. Factors that change the environment also affect the system.
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Closed system
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Does not interact with the environment.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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An interdisciplinary theory that is useful for designating priorities of nursing care. 5 levels of priority: 1. Physiological needs, such as air, water and food. 2. physical and psychological safety and security needs. 3. love and belonging needs, including friendship, social relationships, and sexual love. 4. esteems and self-esteem needs; self-confidence, usefulness, achievement, and self-worth. 5. Self-actualization, the state of fully achieving potential and having the ability to solve problems and cope realistically with life's situations.
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Nightingale's Theory
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Was an initial model for nursing. Nightingale's concept of the environment was the focus of nursing care and her suggestion that nurses need not know all about the disease process were early attempts to differentiate between nursing and medicine. She did not view nursing as limited to the administration of medications and treatments but rather as oriented toward providing fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and adequate nutrition.
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Hildegard Peplau's theory
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Focuses on the individual, the nurse and the interactive process. The result is the nurse-client relationship.
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Virginia Henderson's theory
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Defines nursing as assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death and that the individual would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. 14 basic needs.
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Martha Roger's Theory
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Considers the individual (unitary human being) as an energy field coexisting within the universe. The individual is a unified whole, continuously interacting with the environment, possessing personal integrity and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which can't be predicted from the knowledge of parts.
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Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theoory
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Focuses on the client's self-care needs. Orem defines self-care as a learned, goal-oriented activity directed toward the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development, and well-being. The goal is to help the client perform self-care.
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Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory
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States that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant, distinctive, and unifying feature of nursing. The goal is to provide the client with culturally specific nursing care.
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Sister Callista Roay's Adaptation Theory
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Views the client as an adaptive system. The goal of nusing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, sel-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness. The need for nursing care occurs when the client can't adapt to internal and external environmental demands. All individuals must adapt to the following demands: 1. Meeting basic physiological needs. 2. Developing a positive self-concept. 3. Performing social roles. 4. Achieving a balance between dependence and independence.
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Jean Watson's Philosophy of Transpersonal Caring Theory
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Defines the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the humanistic aspects of life. Nursing action's purpose is to understand the interrelationship between health, illness, and human behavior. Thus nursing is concerned with promoting and resoring health and preventing illness.
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Benner and Wrubel's Theory
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The primary caring model. Caring is central. Caring creates possibilities for coping, enables possibilities for connecting with and concern for others, and allows for the giving and receiving of help. They see the personal concern as an inherent feature of nursing practice.
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Key Concepts
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Theoretical nursing models provide knowledge to improve practice, guide research and nursing curricula, and identify the domain and goals of nursing practice.
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A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or prescribing nursing care.
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Grand theories are the complex structual framework for broad, abstract ideas.
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Middle-range theories are more limited in scope and less abstract. THese theories address specific phenomena or concepts and reflect practice.
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Nursing's paradigm identifies four links of interest to the profession: the person, health, environment/situation, and nursing. Nurse theorists agree that these four components are essential to the development of theory
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Theory is the generation of nursing knowledge used for practice. Nursing process is the method for applying the theory or knowledge. The integration of theory and nursing process is the basis for professional nursing.
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Theories from nursing and other disciplines help expain how the roles and actions of nurses fit together in nursing.
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Theory-generating research tries to discover and describe relationships without imposing preconceived notions (e.g., hypotheses) of what the phenomenon under study means.
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Theory-testing research determines how accurately a theory describes nursing phenomena.
