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Xi'an, Chinese city,

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underground chamber filled with thousands of elaborate statues: an army of life-sized clay horses and soldiers, each one distinct from the others.

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Chinese

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developed a view of reality as balancing complementary forces, unlike other cultures that saw life as a struggle between good and evil

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First Emperor

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assembled a professional civil service system to administer one of history's most extensive, populous, and enduring empires

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China

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west and southwest are mountainous and bleak. The north is arid and barren, dominated by the Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau

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Yangzi River, chang Jiang

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• Is south China river China blessing • broad, deep waterway that seldom floods, it is excellent for transport and irrigation. • climate is warm, the growing season long, and rainfall • abundant, as seasonal monsoon winds bring moisture from seas to the south • terrain is lush, sustaining a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains

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Yellow River, Huanghe

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• china sorrow • shallow and flows through flat plains, with frequent floods and occasional course changes devastating those who live nearby • climate is cold and dry, the growing season short, and nature harsh, with recurrent danger of drought, floods, and frost. • brownish-yellow silt carried • giving it its appearance and its name • 1)surrounding lands by periodic flood s, this rich silt regularly restored the soil's fertility • 2) live nearby organize into communities large enough build dikes and channels control current

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China agriculture

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• farming and herding, settle with their families in villages, instituted religious rituals, and learned to produce silk • built towns and cities, fashioned bronze tools and weapons, • established social class structure, created a centralized state, • and devised a writing system (already existed 2 BCE)

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Farmers in Yellow River

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• 7000BCE, resided in villages and raised food on surrounding lands • Cold=lived in pits dug in ground and cover thatch roofs • Grew millet, cabbage wheat, produce fine pottery, domesticate cattle, sheep, goats and pigs • Cultivate silkworms, spin cocoons produce soft thread turn silk

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Predynastic China

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era before China was governed by a succession of ruling dynasties-was blessed with heroic benefactors

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Fuxi

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supposedly establish family and taught people how to raise animals

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Shennong

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allegedly developed farming and basic farming tools

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Huangdi

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• is said to have invented silk, the bow and arrow, boats, and a writing system • considered the first of China's predynastic rulers, fabled monarchs • who reigned before the rise of ruling dynasties.

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shun

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• poor peasant, last predynatic ruler, select man Yu harness Yellow River's floods • ingenious Yu dug channels divert floodwater, create China's other river • ____was impressed and made Yu his ssuccesor • Chinese made hi son next ruler,

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Familial rule

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• series of dynasties that would dominate China from then until modern • times

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Chinese culture

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• family, farming, writing, river control, and dynastic rule was central

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Xia

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• Yu and his son regard first 2 rulers, governcentral Yellow River reion about 2000 to 1750 BcE • China's first historical dynasty, as cities and towns unearthed in the area offer evidence of a real __ realm • Pastoral nomads bring horse-drawn chariots and bronze weapons • Defeated by new dynasty Shang

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Erlitou

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• Large city, capital had paved roads, stately palaces and tombs, foundr make bronze tools and weapons

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Bronze metallurgy came from

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China via Indo-European migrations

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Shang dynasty

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• warriors used bronze spears, bronze armor, and war chariots • (1750 to 1122 BCE) produced some written records, historians know much more about it than the Xia • Number of city-states emerge northern China • Each city-state had own ruler, tied allegiance kinship to royal family • Separated in classes, king, artisans, peasants, slaves

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Anyang

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• Escavations of Shang setlements, capital potray complex,warlike stratified society

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Top of Shang

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king and his warrior nobles, who lived in city centers in palatial homes, wore silk garments, and consumed food and beverages from bronze vessel

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Middle of Shang

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artisans, living elsewhere in the cities in homes of earth and wood, who produced bronze vessels and weapons, lacquered wood containers, and fine pottery for the upper classes

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Bottom of Shang

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peasants, living in pit homes in rural villages and working fields to supply the society's food

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Lowest of Shang

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slaves, often prisoners of war, who work as servants in royal and noble households and as forced Remains of early Chinese chariots. Laborers in constructing walls, roads, palaces, and dikes

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Ancestor worship

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• Shang leaders worship main deity and numerous lesser gods, • Common relgion veneration of a family's departed relatives and forebears. • spirits of the dead can aid their living relatives by influencing the gods, this worship involved rituals performed at graves and shrines set up to honor dead kinfolk

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Early Chinese sacrifice

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• animals, slaves, win divine favor

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Early Chines studied

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• sun and stars, presuming this study would help discern will of the gods. • In the process they devised a calendar and a form of mathematics

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Ancient Chinese writing

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• Religious practices, • Each character represents word, not just a sound as in Western alphabets derived from the Phoenicia • mastering thousands of symbols • could communicate in writing even if they could not understand each others' speech • helped create the connections needed to unite a vast and diverse land • enabled people to record their history and ideas.

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Chinese oracles

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• spiritual leaders who sought communication with the gods-inscribed little pictures on a tortoise shell or cattle shoulder bone and then heated it until cracks appeared • followed the cracks to connect the pictures, each representing a word, in a sequence believed to convey divine messages • clouds, sun, rain, see heat cracks =weather • predict battles,hunts and harvests

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Oracle bones

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Chinese oracles

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Decline of Shang dynasty

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• Shang kings become oppressive and corrupt, provoking rebellions against them. • King Wu, ruler of Zhou (JO), a realm west of the Shang domain. In 1122 B.C.E defeat Shang, last more than 800 years

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Zhou dynasty

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• Divided 2 periods, Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou

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Western Zhou

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when kings resided Hao in west

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King Wu's brother

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Legendary Duke of Zhou, praise highely early Zhou leaders, Serve regent for Wu's son, new king too young, destroyed Shang vestiges He stepped aside when son is old enough to rule

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Mandate of Heaven

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lay the philosophical foundations for Chinese dynastic authority. To justify his family's ouster of one dynasty and creation of another Dynasty must have authorization from "Heaven," perceived not as a place but as the god of the skies and ancestor of Chinese rulers

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Son of Heaven

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• he govern justly and humanely • ruler grew corrupt, people suffer, Heaven withdraw mandate and bestow it on someone else. Someone take power rule virtue and benevolence • principle legitimized Zhou throw Shang

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Dynastic cycle

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• 4 main phases • 1. Strong leader conquer all china, create powerful, effective regime • 2. Pass power to his heirs, • 3.continue dynasty era stability and prosperity decline, natural and military disasters signal loss Heaven Mandate • 4. Final Phase, new hero arose claim mandate challenge old dynasty • Failed to gain power, lack Heacen's favor. Succeed, started new dynasty begin cycle anew

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What cause rebellion in Zhou dynasty

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• China's vast size and cultural complexity, made governance a formidable challenge • lands were handed down from father to son, producing a hereditary nobility based on service to the king • powerful nobles have own lands can threaten regime • rebellious nobles joined with nomadic invaders to overthrow a king named You • King You was amused female consort by lighting beacon fires signal femal attack have her watch delight armies meet nonexistent threat • Solidiers was tired You, overran capital ransacked palace and kill King You

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Eastern Zhou

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• when they lived farther east of Luoyang • to the city of Luoyang, making it his capital and starting a new era • 770-256 BCE, many Chine nobles supass king wealth and power, act independent warlords in domains • produced many new cities, which served as trading centers, with markets where farmers, artisans, and merchants exchanged goods • road and canals connect cities, built ruler move troops and supplies, travel by traders transport item metal tools and utensils, lanquered wood plates and boxes, silk, pottery, gems, salt and lumber

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Eastern Zhou economy

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• money economy energy, use copper coins=cash, center holes string them together count and carrying • China towns and cities large economic system • Trade between China and distant land difficult and dangerous, • Era end commerce conduct see with southeast Asia, land routes cross Central Asia

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Era of Warring states

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• 404-221 BCE during which all sense of unity and central authority ceased

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Central Asia

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• vast expanse to China's north and west where the climate was too dry • for farming (was home mainly to pastoral nomads who grazed herds on its plateaus and plains. • Skilled in horseback, attack Chine settlements (carry good and supplies, spread commerce and useful knowledge

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Other inventions in Central Asia, West Asia,

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• Some nomads exchange their hides, wool, horses, for Chines silk pottery, metware, wood products traded items with other societies across central Asia • Chinese armies adopt horseback riding, replace charioterrs mounted rider more wuizkly • Crossbow-kill with precision distance • West asia-iron more abundant copper tin than broze, produce more shields, daggers enable ruler field much larger forces

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Ironworking

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• Brought China economic benefits • enhanced by iron plows and seed drills, pulled by oxen hitched to a wooden harness, and by iron-bladed spades, used in tilling soil and digging irrigation ditches to expand arable farmland • Iron picks and shovels were used in building earthen dams and dikes to protect against floods, earthen walls to defend against nomad attacks, • and roads and canals to aid movement of armies and good

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Central Asian connections

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Expand China's warfare, farming and commerce

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Eastern Zhou era main ideal

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Ongoing warfare and economic growth intended to promote harmony and stability main belief systems: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.

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Kongfuzi

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• Central chines philosopher, Master Kong the Sage, known as West, Confucius, laid foundation for China's foremost ethical system • Left no writing, make hard separate view added by his followers

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Confucius

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• Raised in a minor noble family, in humble conditions following his father's early death . Aspired political career, wanted Duke of Zhou, help some ruler create just society • Wandering teacher earnestly preach to growing group of disciples

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Analects

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• Collection of sayings typically prefaced by "The Master said .... "They depict a man, deeply troubled by chaos and corruption, eager to bring social order and harmony to his violent era • society regulated not by rigid laws but by virtuous behavior of leaders and • citizens, idealizing "noble-minded" public servants who inspire by example and treat people with wisdom, compassion, and respect

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Confuciansim

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• recognized the deity called Heaven and later built many temples, Confucianism was less a religion than an ethical philosophy • people would follow and imitate noble-minded leaders • Eliist, uphold all-male ruling class of scholars and gentlemen favor nobility of spirit rather than nobility of birth • championing the virtues and values of the past, it was progressive in stressing rulers' duties to provide good government

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Confucian philosophy

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focused on human behavior rather than divine worship. Main virtue; ren, li, xiao

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ren

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humanity," involving compassion, humane conduct, and benevolence;

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li

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or "ritual," the courtesy and etiquette by which people should treat one another; and

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xiao

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"filial piety," the devotion that a son owed his father (and, by extension, that all people owed their parents, ancestors, and leaders). all people knew their place, based on mutual respect between rulers and subjects, parents and children, spouses, siblings, and friends (the "five relationships

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Confucianism develop hierarchical society

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all people knew their place, based on mutual respect between rulers and subjects, parents and children, spouses, siblings, and friends (the "five relationships").

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Confucian ethic

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• had vast implications for governance • detest political oppression, and talked with woman was weeping in cave, had father, husband, son killed by tiger and she live dangerous place • There is no oppressive government Better to live tiger than live bad gov.

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Mengzi

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• Mencius, an eminent sage who lived from roughly 370 to 290 B.C.E. • held that all humans are equal and good, and that a ruler must practice and promote the virtue of ren • Ruler faile to do so forfeit Heaven's Mandate, subjects to right to rebel

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Several Cines regimes

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• centuries promoted good governance and discouraged oppression • had little lasting success

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Daoism

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• naturalistic philosophy that, unlike Confucianism, had little use for organized institutions • living in harmony with nature • passive, escapist, urge people be" bland like melting ice," let go of control, avoid ambition, and accept whatever came their way • No property no theft, no law, no crime, no fame, no disgrace • Simpl, romantic worldview, • Developed into religion with numerous rituals and shrines (see "Excerpts from Daodejing").

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Daodejing

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Classic of the Way and Its Power," supposedly written in the sixth century B.C.E. by a legendary figure called Laozi

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Laozi

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the Old Sage, but probably compiled later from sayings ascribed to him

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Dao

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• The way, Centered on a mysterious, unchanging cosmic force (The way),

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Confucians relished

answer

intellectual and political discourse produced scholars and politicians in rationality and logic, coinciding with yang

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Daoists

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• tended to be anti-intellectual and antipolitical, focusing instead on silence, contemplation, and passivity. • Those talk do no understand, understand (do not talk) • The way that can be spoken of is not true Way • inspired artists and poets • on intuition and • inspiration, corresponding with yin

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Confucians and Daoism

answer

Chinese inspired both, One be Confucian in public life, Daoist private life Were essential t Chinese culture and character

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Yin and yang

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• balancing and blending of dissimilar concepts, such as those of Confucianism • and Daoism, was reflected in another key concept that emerged in ancient China • good versus evil and hatred versus love, expressed cosmic harmony • and unity, with alternating forces supporting and completing each other.

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yin

answer

• Represented light, heat, daytime, dryness, and masculinity, • active, aggressive, logical, and rational; yin was passive, nurturing, intuitive, and emotional • dominant in spring and summer • had strength

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yang

answer

• signified darkness, coolness, nighttime, moistness, and femininity • in fall and winter • Water • moon

question

Yin and yang gave Chinese framework

answer

Understanding nature and bringing balance to their lives Farmers need both strength and stamina, Parents need both assertive nuture,

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Xunzi

answer

• Confucian scholar who lived from around 300 to 230 B.C.E. • saw harmony and order not as natural but as needing to be imposed by force. • humans are by nature brutal and selfish, and that their behavior must be controlled by strong laws and institutions

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Legalism

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• Xunzi disciples Hanfeizi and Li Si • Philosophy promoting strict enforcement of stringent laws by a powerful authoritarian state • believed above all in law and order, maintaining that only an authoritarian regime could instill the fear and discipline needed to impose unity and control • the ruler must have both the power and will to enforce strict laws and punishments and suppress all dissent and disunity

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Legalist Li Si

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247 BCE, eager to enforece his ideas, key official Qin dynasty

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Qin

answer

state in northwest China that 9 years earlier had overthrown last Zhou king.

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Shihuangdi

answer

• Li Si guidance, Qin ruler create mighy empire • 231 to 221 B.C.E., he conquered all the other northern states and much of southern China • First Emperor, the man whose spectacular tomb was described at the start of this chapter

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First Emperor

answer

• ruled a regime remarkable for both its achievements and its brutality. • Abolished conquered states, disarm forces execute rulers • Divide China into province, and districts head official select talent and loyalty • chose capable civil servants wholly accountable to him and made the old nobles move to his capital so he could keep close watch on them • maintained a huge army, a pervasive surveillance system, and a brutal penal code-branding, burning, boiling, or burying alive those who defied his will. • drive for unity and control standardized the written language and laws, coins and taxes, weights and measures, and even the width of roads and axle width of carts • made periodic grand inspection tours of his realm • banned the study of philosophy and history, burned the books on them, and buried several hundred scholars alive (ensuring his later vilification by Chinese historians) would last 10,000 generations. Instead, it outlived him by four year

question

First Emperor constructed massive projects

answer

• Showcased his magnificence and megalomania • Extravagant palace 201, measured over 170,000 square meters and could house up to 10,000 persons • More colossal was his tomb guard vast army of terracotta warrior • Include complex irrigation system, network canals connecting China's rivers, and more than 4000 miles of roads, 50 paces wide, which extended like spokes to connect his capital with regions of his realm

question

But his most renowned achievement

answer

northern fortifications built to protect against nomadic invasions built resulting structure, 14000 miles long, rebuild and extend Great Wall of China

question

More people wanted to assassinate First Emperor

answer

Inhumane policies alienate his people, Obsessed fear of death Had oracles, magicians fin formula everlasting life, sea expedition "islands of importability" Failed 210 BCE, he fell ill and died

question

Revolts in China

answer

chaos, and by intrigues that killed both Li Si and the Second Emperor, leading in 206 B.C.E. to the Qin dynasty's fall

question

Liu Bang

answer

rebels then battled among themselves until one, a former peasant perceived as man of the people, emerged victorious in 202 B.C.E. Heaven's Mandate, beginning a dynasty called the Han (HAHN) that lasted more than 400 years.

question

Han dynasty

answer

• started by Liu Bang, ruled one of the world's largest and wealthiest domain • size and population, it matched the vast Roman Empire, then flourishing in the West • produced a large, effective imperial administration, a sophisticated urban culture and intellectual life, and major advances in technology and commerce

question

Han people

answer

dynasty's impact was so enduring that Chinese call them _______

question

Emperor Gaozu

answer

• Liu Bang, achieve great success by extend Qin state bureaucracy and reducing its severity • he lowered taxes, moderated punishments, and invited Confucian scholars, repressed by the Qin regime, to serve as state officials • scholars came to run the bureaucracy, and Confucianism became the official ideology

question

ruling synthesis

answer

combining Legalism's central authority with Confucianism's humane civility, that lasted two millennia-a shining example of China's ability to balance and blend dissimilar forces into a successful system

question

Chang' an

answer

to improve preparation of candidates, in 124 B.C.E. the dynasty established an imperial university at ¬¬¬¬¬¬________capital, not far from modern Xi' an regime would use written exams, based on mastery of Confucian thought, to test potential appointees

question

Confucian civil service

answer

• made up of educated scholars • developments laid groundwork for what would become a key feature of Chinese governance

question

Han Martial Emperor

answer

• built China's army into an expansive force • extend his empire south into northern Vietnam, north into southern Manchuria and Korea, west into distant Vietnam • attack Xiongnu, warlike nomads, menaced northern China, struggle continued under his successors

question

Han Empire

answer

• extended more than 3000 miles east to west and 2000 miles north to south, embracing almost 60 million people

question

Wudi' wars

answer

• with mass recruitments and high taxes imposed to support them, exhausted Chinese resources and patience • weakened by repeated Xionghu raids and internal revolts

question

eunuchs

answer

imperial court was racked by intrigues between the emperor's in-laws and his ____________castrated males who ran his palace and guarded his man_____

question

Concubines

answer

• women who served him sexually to ensure him a male heir. • gained great influence and clashed with the royal in-laws, who likewise sought to use their status to gain power and wealth

question

Wang Mang

answer

• devoted Confucian from the young ruler's regency council • 9 c .E., a palace coup deposed a child emperor and replaced him with • launched reforms to improve the people's welfare • abolish slavery, tried take land rich landlords for use poor pesants • declare himself emperor, start his own dynasty • droughts and bad harvests interrupt his plans • attempted land transfers sparked fierce opposition from the landlords • 11 c.E., a catastrophic Yellow River flood drowned hundreds of thousands and left millions homeless • China descended into chaos, various groups rebelled, demanding the Han dynasty's return. • Victorious rebels killed and ate him, he did not possess Mandate of Heaven

question

Later Han

answer

• Guangwudi the Shining Martial Emperor, who reigned from 25 to 57 c.E ., initiating an era

question

Guangwudi

answer

• moved the capital east to Luoyang, which was near his power base • he and his heirs maintained peace and prosperity, thanks to conscientious rule, disaster-free weather, and internal strife among the Xiongnu who threatened northern China. • 89 c.E., Chinese generals took advantage of this strife to overpower them, ending for a while the Xiongnu threat generals restored Chinese rule in Central Asia • Han realm had recovered much of its former size and wealth

question

Decline of Han dynasty

answer

• youthful and short-lived emperors set off new conflic ts between their in-laws and eunuchs • 160s, groups of Confucian civil servants and students rebelled, only to be butchered in a wholesale purge • Flood and droughts, locust infestations destroy crops, • Deadly epidemic (smallpox or plague) apparently brought by Central Asian nomads, that took millions of live • massive suffering and death seemed to show that the Han had lost Heaven's Mandate. • generals then took the land for themselves and emerged as regional warlords • 220 CE, more chaos and civil war, last Han emperor to abdicate ended China greatest dynasty

question

Yellow Turbans

answer

• rebel group whose head cloths signified solidarity with the earth, associated in China with the color yellow.

question

Silk Road

answer

expanded into Central Asia, China also increased its connections with other cultures along a network of trade routes

question

Hans society

answer

• ancient civilizations, was based mainly on village farming and herding • north China, cool and dry, farmers grew wheat and millet • south, warm and wetter raised rice fields with flood, • Many peasants raise chickens and pigs, some oxen or water buffalo to plow fields • Families were ruled by their p atriarchs, elder males who made the major decisions, and these men consulted with the spirits of family forebears and conducted ceremonies to venerate both their ancestors and the gods • All family members expect obey their elders and superiors

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Chinese women

answer

• Subordinate to men, bride father arrange marriage, provide dowry, became part of new husband family • See burden, raise and fed as children benefit another family adults • Treated opposite boys, trained serve wives and mothers • Require to cook, clean clothes, clea broom, help fields, raise sons to carry family • Governed by three submissions"-first to their fathers when they were young, second to their husbands when they were married, and third to their sons when they were ultimately widowed. • Were protect Confucian doctrine fathers, husbands, and sons should treat them with respect and dignity. • Chines custom household managers strong character excersie substantial influence home and family

question

Chinese Farmers

answer

Were valued, since the food they grew was vital to survival farmers little higher than merchants, since the former were producers while the latter were viewed as mere traffickers and traders worked the fields, tilling hoeing, and h arvesting, with little protection from the heat, wind, rain, or cold. Peasants also had to pay taxes, provide periodic labor for public works projects, and often serve in the army

question

Chang'an and Luoyang

answer

2 great Han capitals had metropolitan populations approaching a quarter million people, with about 100,000 living within the city walls

question

Chang'an and Luoyang society

answer

• Wealthy officals and merchant 2 or 3 story homes made stucco, wood, gardens and terraces, plentiful food, servants tend needs • Poorer residents, mostly artisans and laborers, lived in much humbler conditions, • but unlike peasants they had access to urban recreations and diversions

question

Han society

answer

• seamy side, with gambling houses, brothels, and gangs of youths roaming the stree t • public executions-crime and disloyalty, attract large crowds

question

Han cities

answer

were also centers of creativity, commerce, and craftsmanship. Here scholars, officials, doctors, inventors, and artisans, freed from the need to farm, developed ideas and techniques that would distinguish Chinese culture as enterprising and ingenious

question

Chinese Scholars and bureaucrats

answer

for example, exchanged ideas and kept records by writing with small brushes on paper-a product invented in Han China

question

Chinese astronomers

answer

charted the paths of planets and recorded sunspots

question

Chinese Other scientists

answer

studied acoustics and measured earthquakes

question

Chinese Doctors

answer

diagnosed diseases, prescribed herbal remedies and drugs, and discovered circulation of the blood

question

Chinese Physicians

answer

also used acupuncture, the insertion of thin needles at various points in the body, to relieve pain and cure ailments, theoretically by restoring the body's yin and yang balance

question

Chinese farmers

answer

from innovations such as wheelbarrows to help carry their loads, water mills to grind their grain, iron plows to turn their soil, and harnesses to better utilize the labor of their oxen and buffalo.

question

Chinese Commerce and craftsmanship

answer

also reflected Chinese ingenuity Metropolitan markets had a wide array of shops and stalls run by manufacturers and merchants

question

Chinese Artisans

answer

who worked with bronze, pottery, lacquer, jade, and silk to make tools, utensils, plates, vessels, jewelry, and clothing

question

Chinese general named Zhang Qian

answer

spending many years in Central Asia, returned to China with reports of peoples, plants, and products hitherto unknown there

question

Bactria, Ferghana, Persia

answer

• 126 BCE bountiful vineyards whose grapes produced fine wines, and splendid horses superior to any in China • markets of these regions he had sometimes seen Chinese products, including bamboo canes and silk cloth, no doubt conveyed there along early trade routes

question

Han Martial Emperor (Wudi)

answer

• sent armies into Central Asia, adding cities and realms to his domains as tributaries of China • arrangement was beneficial, as Chinese soldiers provided protection from bandits, while Han officials sent valuable silk to retain the tributaries' allegiance

question

Silk Road

answer

• Chinese presence also helped to establish and sustain the long-distance trading network • named for the precious Chinese fabric often conveyed along its route, was actually a series of trails that connected trading towns across the heart of Asia • route extended from China westward for thousands of miles across Central Asia, with links from there through Bactria into India and through Persia into Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean • provided commercial connection, though rather tenuous and treacherous, among Eurasian societies • flourished for more than a thousand years, as did the bustling cities and towns along its route. Located at key passes and junctures, • cities such as Dunhuang, Kashgar, Samarkand, and Bukhara teemed with traders, money changers, camel breeders, guides, and markets with exotic goods • got acquainted with the goods of other lands but learned little about their people

question

From the west

answer

• Treasured in china as grapes and wines, olives and oils, precious stones and metals, jewelry, arts, and crafts. • south came Indian cottons, along with cinnamon, ginger, and other Asian spices highly valued for flavoring food and for making medicines, • perfumes, and magic potion pottery, bronze ware, and lacquerware, prized throughout Eurasia. • goods, diseases and beliefs were sometimes conveyed on the Silk Road

question

Fashion west to Rome

answer

Chinese silk clothing, with itsbrilliant colors and exquisite texture, was in fashion among the wealthy as far west as Rome.

question

Western societies

answer

valued Chinese goods had little real knowledge of the Eastern culture that produced such marvelous merchandise

Chapter 4 The Origins of the Chinese Empire, to 220 B.C.E – Flashcards

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