question

Even in the midst of wars and political turmoil, what did Greeks have confidence in?

answer

the power of the human mind

question

Driven by curiosity and belief in reason, what did Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore?

answer

Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explored the nature of the universe and the place of people in it.

question

To later admirers, what did Greek achievements in the arts represent?

answer

the height of human development in the Western world.

question

What belief did some Greek thinkers challenge?

answer

The belief that events were caused by the whims of gods.

question

To find causes for events, what did Greek thinkers use?

answer

observation and reason

question

philisophers

answer

thinkers that challenged beliefs and used observation as well as reason to find causes for events

question

What subjects did Greek philosophers explore?

answer

from mathematics and music to logic

question

logic

answer

rational thinking

question

Through reason and observation what did philosophers believe they could discover?

answer

laws that governed the universe

question

What were some Greek philosophers interested in?

answer

ethics and morality

question

When debating morality and ethics, what questions did Greek philosophers debate?

answer

what was the best kind of government and what standards should rule human behavior

question

sophist

answer

a category of teachers who specialized in using the techniques of philosophy and rhetoric for the reason of teaching excellence to predominantly to young statesmen and nobility

question

rhetoric

answer

the art of skillful speaking

question

How could ambitious men use clever and persuasive rhetoric?

answer

to advance their careers

question

The turmoil of the Peloponnesian War led many young Athenians to do what?

answer

follow the sophists

question

What did older citizens accuse Sophists of?

answer

undermining traditional Greek values

question

Socrates

answer

an Athenian stonemason and philsopher

question

What does most of what we know about Socrates come from and why?

answer

his student Plato, because he did not write any books

question

Instead of writing books, what did Socrates do?

answer

passed his days in the town square asking people about their beliefs

question

Using what we now call the Socratic method, what would Socrates do in the town square?

answer

he would pose a series of questions to a student or passing citizen and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers

question

To Socrates, what was the Socratic method?

answer

a way to help others seek truth and self-knowledge

question

To many Athenians, what was the Socratic method?

answer

a threat to accepted values and traditions

question

At the age of 70, why was Socrates put on trial?

answer

his enemies accused him of corrupting the city's youth and failing to respect the gods

question

At the trial, in front of a jury of 501 citizens, what did Socrates offer?

answer

a calm and reasoned defense

question

What was Socrates' punishment

answer

the jurors condemned him to death

question

How did Socrates die?

answer

by drinking a cup of hemlock, a deadly poison

question

The execution of Socrates left Plato with what?

answer

a lifelong distrust of democracy

question

After Socrates' execution, what did Plato do?

answer

fled Athens for 10 years

question

When Plato returned, what did he do?

answer

set up a school called the Academy

question

In the Academy, what did Plato do?

answer

taught and wrote about his own ideas and like Socrates emphasized the importance of reason

question

With rational thought, what did Plato argue people could discover?

answer

unchanging ethical views, recognize perfect beauty, and learn how best to organize society

question

In his book The Republic, what did Plato describe?

answer

his vision of an ideal state

question

What did Plato argue that the state should regulate?

answer

every aspect of its citizens' lives in order to provide for their best interests

question

What three classes did Plato divide his ideal society into?

answer

workers to produce the necessities of life, soldiers to defend the state, and philosophers to rule

question

The elite class of philosophers would be specially trained to do what?

answer

to ensure order and justice

question

Who was the wisest of the philosopher class?

answer

a philosopher-king who would have the ultimate authority

question

What were Plato's thoughts on women?

answer

in general, men surpassed women in mental and physical tasks, but that some women were superior to men

question

What were Plato's thoughts on "talented women?"

answer

they should be educated to serve the state

question

What did Plato believe both men and women should do?

answer

take military training together and raise their children in communal centers for the good of the republic

question

Who was Plato's most famous student and what did he do?

answer

Aristotle developed his own ideas about government

question

What did Aristotle analyze?

answer

all forms of government, from monarchy to democracy, and found good and bad examples of each

question

How was Aristotle similar to Plato?

answer

was suspicious of democracy, which he thought could lead to mob rule

question

In the end, what kind of government did Aristotle favor?

answer

rule by a single strong and virtuous leader

question

What question did Aristotle address?

answer

how people ought to live

question

In his view, what did good conduct mean pursuing?

answer

the golden mean

question

golden mean

answer

a moderate course between the extremes

question

What did Aristotle promote as the guiding force for learning?

answer

reason

question

the Lyceum

answer

Aristotle's school for the study of all branches of knowledge

question

In the Lyceum on what subjects did Aristotle leave his writings?

answer

politics, ethics, logic, biology, literature, and many other subjects

question

What largely based their courses on the works and ideas of Aristotle?

answer

the first European universities some 1,500 years later

question

Plato argued that every object on Earth had what?

answer

an ideal form

question

What did the work of Greek artists and architects reflect?

answer

a similar concern with balance, order, and beauty

question

Why did Greek architects sought to convey?

answer

a sense of perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order of the universe

question

the Parthenon

answer

the most famous example of Greek architecture, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

question

What was the basic plan of the Parthenon?

answer

A simple rectangle, with tall columns supporting a gently sloping roof. The delicate curves and placement of the columns add dignity and grace.

question

How has Greek architecture affected modern architecture?

answer

many public building throughout the world have incorporated Greek architectural elements, such as columns in their designs

question

How was the art of early Greece similar in style to that of ancient Egypt?

answer

art was stylized and static- images and statues were stiff and lifeless

question

In what way did the Greeks develop an important and radical artistic skill?

answer

they were able to represent a more realistic human form at rest and in motion

question

Over time, Greek ideals were reflected in what?

answer

all Greek art forms including architecture, ceramics, and jewlery

question

What is the art and architecture of ancient Greece considered?

answer

classic

question

classic

answer

a standard of excellence against which other art forms are compared

question

Early Greek sculptors carved figures in what kinds of poses while imitating what styles?

answer

rigid poses, perhaps imitating Egyptian styles

question

Greek sculptors had developed a new style that emphasized what?

answer

more natural forms

question

While Greek art was lifelike, it was also what?

answer

idealistic

question

Who did sculptors carve, and how did they carve them?

answer

gods, goddesses, athletes, and famous men in away that showed human beings in their most perfect, graceful form

question

Where did the only Greek paintings survive?

answer

on pottery

question

What do paintings on pottery offer?

answer

intriguing views of everyday Greek life

question

Give examples of scenes painted on pottery.

answer

women carrying water from wells, warriors racing into battle, and athletes competing in javelin contests

question

To later Europeans, what were Greek literature styles considered?

answer

models of perfection

question

classical style

answer

referring to to the elegant and balanced forms of traditional Greek works of art

question

What did Greek literature begin with?

answer

the epic poems of Homer whose stirring tales inspired later writers

question

Give examples of later Greek poets:

answer

-Sappho sang of love and of the beauty of her island home -Pindar celebrated the victors in athletic contests

question

What was the most important Greek contribution to literature?

answer

the field of drama

question

What did the first Greek plays evolve out of?

answer

religious festivals, especially those held in Athens to honor the god of fertility and wine, Dionysus

question

Describe Greek plays:

answer

- held on large outdoor theaters with little to no scenery -actors wore elaborate costumes and stylized masks -chorus sang or chanted comments on the action taking place on stage

question

What were Greek dramas often based off of?

answer

-popular myths and legends -through these familiar stories, playwrights discussed moral and social issues or explored the relationship between people and the gods

question

Who were the three greatest Athenian playwrights?

answer

Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides

question

All three playwrights wrote what kind of plays?

answer

tragedies

question

tragedies

answer

plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster

question

What did the Greeks feel was the purpose of tragedy?

answer

to stir up and then relieve the emotions of pity and fear

question

Give an example of a Greek tragedy written by Aeschylus

answer

Oresteia

question

Antigone

answer

-explored what happens when an individual's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state -Antigone is a young woman whose brother has been killed leading a rebellion - King Creon forbids anyone to bury the traitor's body -Antigone defies King Creon, telling him that the duty to the gods is greater than human law

question

describe Sophocles and one of his plays

answer

(yeah)

question

comedies

answer

humorous plays that mocked people or customs

question

Almost all of the surviving Greek comedies were written by who?

answer

Aristophanes

question

Lysistrata

answer

shows the women of Athens banding together to force their husbands to end a war against Sparta

question

How did comedies and tragedies contrast?

answer

tragedy focused on events of the past while comedies ridiculed individuals of the day (political figures, philosophers, and prominent members of society)

question

Through ridicule, what did comic playwrights sharply criticize?

answer

society

question

Greeks also applied observation, reason, and logic to the study of what?

answer

history

question

What is Herodotus often called the Father of History in the Western world?

answer

he went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling of ancient legends

question

Before writing the Persian Wars, what did Herodotus do?

answer

visited many lands, collecting information from people who remembered the actual events he chronicled

question

What Greek term did Herodotus use to define his work?

answer

historie

question

historie

answer

inquiry

question

What happened as an effect of Herodotus casting a critical eye on his sources?

answer

he noted bias and conflicting accounts

question

Despite Herodotus's special care for detail and accuracy what happened in his works?

answer

works reflected his own view that the war was a clear moral victory of Greek love of freedom over Persian tyranny

question

What did Herodotus invent for historical figures?

answer

conversations and speeches

question

What did Thucydides write about?

answer

the Peloponnesian War

question

How did Thucydides describe the Peloponnesian war?

answer

he had lived through the war and vividly describe the war's savagery and corrupting influence on all those involved

question

What did both writers do?

answer

set standards for future historians

question

What did Herodotus stress?

answer

the importance of research

question

What did Thucydides show?

answer

the need to avoid bias

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