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United States v. Jacobsen

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defined a search as a \"governmental infringement of a legitimate expectation of privacy.\"

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A lane search, or partitioning the area into lanes,

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can be adapted to any number of police personnel.

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What is not a goal of a search during an investigation?

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to punish the offender

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Which of the following do investigators not need to know in order to conduct an effective search?

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the identity of the offender

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The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution forbids what type of searches and seizures?

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unreasonable

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In which of the following cases is a search not legal?

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An officer conducts a search of a motorist for a driving infraction.

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A way to determine if probable cause exists today is which test?

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totality-of-the-circumstances test

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A judge may issue a search warrant if which of the following items are being sought by an officer?

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stolen or embezzled property

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A search conducted with a warrant must be limited to?

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only the specific area and items named in the warrant.

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Consent to search is valid only if given

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voluntarily.

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Terry v. Ohio supported officers' right to

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conduct a pat-down or a frisk if they believe the person might be armed and dangerous.

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Every lawful arrest is accompanied by a search of the arrested person. This is referred to as

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search incident to arrest.

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The Chimel decision established that a search incidental to a lawful arrest must be made simultaneously with the arrest. A search incidental to arrest must be confined to

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the arrested person's body.

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Emergency circumstances (such as fire or officers hearing shots fired or screams) that allow officers to enter a home without a warrant are referred to as

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exigent circumstances

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The Carroll decision established that with probable cause

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automobiles may be searched based on their obvious mobility.

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Mincey v. Arizona

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Which case established while officers are on the premises pursuing their legitimate emergency activities, any evidence in plain view may be seized

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Wyoming v. Houghton (1999) held that an officer may search an automobile passenger's belongings simply because the officer suspects the driver has done something wrong. This ruling, which was intended to prevent drivers from claiming that illegal drugs or other contraband belongs to passengers rather than themselves, is referred to as the

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passenger property exception

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The courts have ruled that when police take custody of a vehicle or other property, the police

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may inventory the property.

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The most important limitation on searches is that they must be

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narrow in scope

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Which rule said that courts would not accept evidence obtained by unreasonable search and seizure?

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exclusionary rule

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In Nix v. Williams, the Court said that if illegally obtained evidence (a statement, in this case, which led to a little girl's body) would, in all likelihood, eventually have been discovered legally (for example, by a large search party), it may be used. This is referred to as what exception to the exclusionary rule?

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the inevitable-discovery doctrine

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United States v. Leon

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established the good-faith doctrine

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Physical evidence is

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anything material and relevant.

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In California v. Greenwood, the Supreme Court ruled that

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containers left on public property are open to search by police without a warrant

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Interior searches

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searches that go from the general to the specific usually in a circular pattern covering all surfaces in a search area

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curtilage

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the enclosed land that surrounds a building and belongs with it as part of the same property.

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exterior search patterns

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divide an area into lanes, strips, concentric circles or zones.

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Ultraviolet light

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What is good for finding trace evidence such as semen or fibers.

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Which term refers to the spiral pattern cut down the length of a firearm's barrel?

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rifling

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This type of fingerprint, which is not readily visible, consists of impressions of the ridges of the fingers, transferred to other surfaces by sweat on the ridges of the fingers or because the fingers carry residue of oil, blood, dirt or another substance.

answer

latent prints

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Powders, Magnabrush techniques, laser technology, gelatin lifters and cyanoacrylate are all used to process what type of evidence?

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fingerprints

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AFIS stands for

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automated fingerprint identification system

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Elimination fingerprints

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The types of prints taken of persons with reason to be at the crime scene location

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Individual characteristics

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features that distinguish one item from another of the same type

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direct evidence

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establishes proof of a fact without any other evidence

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indirect evidence

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merely tends to incriminate a person

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circumstantial evidence

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evidence from which inferences are drawn

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associative evidence

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links a suspect with a crime

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corpus delicti evidence

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establishes that a crime has been committed

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probative evidence

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evidence that proves guilt or innocence

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class characteristics

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features that place an item into a specific category

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bore

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inside portion of a weapon's barrel

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caliber

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the diameter of the bore as measured between lands

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DNA profiling can be done using

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cells from almost any part of the body

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fibers

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The most frequently located type of microscopic evidence

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druggist fold

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a way of folding paper so evidence does not fall out

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material evidence

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evidence that forms a substantive part of the case or has a legitimate and effective influence on the decision of the case.

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competent evidence

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evidence that has been properly collected, identified, filed and continuously secured.

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relevant evidence

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evidence that applies to the matter in question

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listen and observe

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two basic requirements for obtaining information

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If a public threat exists, questioning to reduce that threat may occur before the reading of the Miranda warning. This was highlighted in which case?

answer

New York v. Quarles

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custody

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The fundamental distinction between the Fifth and Sixth Amendment right to counsel hinges on the issue of?

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field interview

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general, preliminary questioning occurs spontaneously on the street

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Hypnosis

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may be used to help a victim or witness recall an incident.

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Bruton Rule

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a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him or her is violated if a confessing defendant's statement is used against a non confessing defendant at their joint trial.

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dialed number recorder

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can be used to simultaneously monitor call activity on several lines.

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beachheading

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also known as the \"question first\" technique

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direct question

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to the point question and limits the possibility of misinterpretation.

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polygraph

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measures respiration and depth of breathing, changes in the skin's electrical resistance, and blood pressure and pulse.

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cognitive interview method

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especially effective for obtaining information from victims and witnesses who have difficulty remembering an event.

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interrogation

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the process of questioning those suspected of direct or indirect involvement in a crime.

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informant

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anyone who can provide information about a case but who is not a complainant, witness, victim or suspect.

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empathy

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the capacity to accurately perceive and respond to another person's thoughts and feelings. It is an active process rather than a passive experience.

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Rapport

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an understanding between individuals created by genuine interest and concern. It requires empathy.

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Miranda warning

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informs suspects of their 5th amendment rights.

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waiver

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giving up of a right

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Third-degree tactics

answer

the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or other physical or psychological abuse to induce a suspect to confess to a crime.

Chapter 4 Searches

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