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respiratory system

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consists of the right and left lungs and the air passageways that connect the lungs to the outside of the body; bring oxygen into the body and expel the waste product of CO2

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upper respiratory tract

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nose, nasal cavity, and the pharynx; shares structures with ears nose and throat system

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lower respiratory tract

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larynx, trachea and the neck, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs

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nasal cavity

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hollow area inside the nose

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nasal septum

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wall of cartilage that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

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turbinates or nasal conchae

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three long, bony projections (superior, middle, inferior) on either side of the nasal cavity. They break up and slow down inhaled air, so it is warmed and moistened.

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mucosa (mucosa membrane)

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lines the nasal cavity; humidifies the air and produces mucus.

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mucus (hairs in the nose)

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trap inhaled particles of dust, pollen, smoke and bacteria to keep them from entering the lungs.

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pharnyx

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the throat. A shared passageway for both air and food. The nasopharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity, the oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity, and the laryngopharynx is posterior to the larynx.

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larynyx

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voice box; remains open during respiration and speech, allowing air to pass in and through the vocal cords.

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epiglottis

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lid like structure that seals of the larynx, so that swallowed food goes into the esophagus, not into the trachea.

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trachea

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windpipe; vertical tube with C-shaped rings of cartilage in it. It is an air passageway between the larynx and the bronchi; supports the trachea and is a passageway for inhaled and exhaled air.

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bronchioles

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small, tubular air passageway that branches off from a bronchus and then branches into several alveoli. Its wall contains smooth muscle.

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bronchus

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tubular passageway supported by cartilage rings. It is forms an inverted Y below the trachea. Each primary bronchus enters a lung and branches into bronchioles. The bronchial tree includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Bronchopulmonary refers to the bronchi and the lungs.

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cilia

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small hairs that flow in waves to move foreign particles away from the lungs and toward the nose and the throat where they can be expelled; smoking immobilizes and destroys the cilia.

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lungs

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organ of respiration that contains alveoli; spongy air-filled structures.

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lobe

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large division of a lung, visible on the outer surface. Right lung has three lobes, the left lung has two in order to make room for the heart.

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apex

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rounded top of each lung

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hilium

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indentation on the medial side of each lung where the bronchus, pulmonary arteries and nerves enter the lung and the pulmonary veins exit.

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alveolus

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hollow sphere of cells in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged; expands ad contracts with each breath.

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sufucant

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protein-fat compound that reduces the surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveolus from collapsing with each exhalation.

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parenchyma

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functional part of the lung (alveoli) as opposed to the connective tissue framework.

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thorax

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bony cage made of the sternum, ribs and bones of the spine that surrounds and protects the lungs and other organs in the thoracic cavity.

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thoracic cavity

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hollow space that is filed with the lungs and structures in the mediastinum.

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mediastinum

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a smaller cavity between the lungs within the thoracic cavity. It contains the trachea (and the heart and esophagus)

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diaphragm

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muscular sheet that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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pleural cavity

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area surrounded by pleural membrane. Each pleural cavity contains a lung.

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pleura

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double-layered serous membrane. The visceral pleura is next to the lung's surface. The parietal pleura is next to the wall of the thorax. The pleura secretes pleural fluid (slippery, watery fluid that allows the two layers to slide smoothly past each other as the lungs expand and contract during respiration) into the pleural space (the space between the two layers of pleura).

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respiration

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breathing in and out

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inhalation or inspiration

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breathing in

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exhalation or expiration

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breathing out

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respiratory control centers

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centers in the brain that regulate the depth and rate of respiration

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phrenic nerve

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nerve that, when stimulated, causes the diaphragm to contract and move inferiorly to expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration.

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intercostal muscles

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two sets of muscles between the ribs that contract to pull the ribs up and out during inhalation or down and in during forceful exhalation

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eupnea

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normal rate and rhythm of breathing

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Respiration involves 5 separate processes:

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1. Ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs 2. External respiration: movement of oxygen from inhaled air into the alveoli and then into the blood and the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli and then into exhaled air 3. Gas transport: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood 4. Internal respiration: movement of oxygen from the blood cells into the cells and movement of CO2 from the cells into the blood. 5. Cellular respiration: O2 is used by the cell to produce in the process of metabolism.

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Oximeter (clip that measures the degree of oxygen saturation in the blood) and arterial blood gas (blood test to measure the partial pressure of the gases oxygen and CO2).

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measures oxygen in the blood

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Laryngoscope

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used to visualize the area when endotracheal incubation is performed; visualizes the vocal cords

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Endotracheal intubation

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establishes an airway for a patient not breathing or needs a ventilator

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Lobectomy

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removing part of the lung

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Bronchoscope

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instrument used to examine the bronchus

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Chest x-ray (chest radiography)

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radiological procedure that uses x-rays to create an image of the lungs.

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Auscultation and percussion

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procedure that uses a stethoscope to listen to breath sounds. Percussion uses the finger of one hand to tap over the finger of the other hand that is spread across the patient's back over a lobe of the lung. The sound tells the physician, if the lung is clear or of there is fluid or a tumor present.

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Culture and sensitivity

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test to identify which bacterium is causing a pulmonary infection and to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotic drugs.

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Spirometry and carboxyhemoglobin

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Spirometry measures the FEV (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec.) and FVC (forced vital capacity) and procedures tracing on a graph; done during a pulmonary function test (PFT) which measures the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air in inhalation and exhalation. Carboxyhemoglobin is a blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood of patients exposed to fires or fumes in unventilated spaces.

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Lung scan

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nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled radioactive gases to show air flow (ventilation) in the lungs. Areas of a decreased uptake (cold spots) indicate pneumonia, atelectasis, or pleural effusion. A radioactive solution is given intravenously for the perfusion part of the scan. Area of decreased uptake indicate poor blood flow to that part of the lung.

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Nasal cannula

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used during oxygen therapy (provide additional oxygen to patients with pulmonary disease). The nasal cannula is used to deliver oxygen; a plastic tube with two short, flexible prongs that rest just inside the nostrils. Can provide an O2 concentration up to 45%.

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Pneumonectomy

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removal of the lung.

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Emphysema

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chronic, irreversibly damaged alveoli that are enlarged and trap air in the lungs. Associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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Tuberculosis (TB)

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lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spread by airborne droplets and coughing; fever, cough, weight loss, night sweats and hemoptysis (coughing up blood).

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

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acute event in which a healthy infant under 1 year old suddenly dies

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Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

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severe pneumonia with most people being infected during childhood. Known as an opportunistic infection in AIDS because it waits for the immune system to be weakened.

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Anthracosis

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coal miner's lung or black lung disease caused by coal dust

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Eupnea

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normal rate and depth of respiaration

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Empyema

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localized collection in pus in the thoracic cavity.

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Asbestosis

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an occupational lung disease caused by asbestos fibers

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Cyanosis

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bluish discoloration of the skin

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Atelectasis

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collapse of all or part of the lung due to mucus, tumor, trauma or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus.

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Apnea

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absence of breathing

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Cystic fibrosis

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Hereditary, fatal disease. Effects the glands that secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, or sweat. Alveoli eventually blocked by mucus causing dyspnea (shortness of breath).

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Aspiration pnemonia

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caused by foreign matters that is inhaled into the lungs

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Orthopnea

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patients who must sit upright in their sleep.

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Tachypnea

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more than 20 breaths per minute

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Bradypnea

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less than 10 breaths per minute

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Pulmonary embolism

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blockage of pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus (blood clot or fat globule). Blocks the blood flow that causes decreased oxygenation and dyspnea.

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Cyan/o

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blue

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Cost/o

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rib

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Spir/o

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breathe

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Hal/o

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breathe

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Pne/o

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breath

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-ation

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process of having

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Cardioplumonary

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heart and lungs

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-pnea

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breathing

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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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procedure to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood of the patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped beating.

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Bronchoscopy

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procedure that uses a lighted bronchoscope inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi.

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Tracheostomy

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procedure that begins with an incision into the trachea to create an (permanent) opening. A tracheotomy is then inserted and provides access to the lungs who need respiratory support.

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Antitussive drugs

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suppress the cough center in he brain. Used to treat chronic bronchitis, and nonproductive coughs (Robitussin)

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Antiviral drugs

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prevent and treat influenza virus (Tamiflu)

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Bronchodilator drugs

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Opens up constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles that surround the bronchioles; asthma, COPD, emphysema and cystic fibrosis.

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Corticosteroid drugs

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Block the immune system from causing inflammation; asthma and COPD. (Flovent)

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pulmon/o

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lung

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Pneumococcal pneumonia

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acute pneumonia caused by bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Elevated serum carboxyhemoglobin

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a man who attempted suicide by staying in a running car in a closed garage (Co2 poisoning)

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Stethoscopes are used for

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auscultation

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Example of Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

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a head or common cold

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Reactive airway disease

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is a reversible narrowing of the airways; asthma

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Pulmonology

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study of the lungs and associated structures.

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As the naval cavity continues posteriorly, it merges with the throat or...

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Pharnyx

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The respiratory system does NOT

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transport oxygen and Co2 to and from the cells

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Hemotypsis

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coughing up blood-tinged sputum

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oropharnyx

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posterior to the mouth

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Components of COPD:

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chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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The irregularly shaped area between the lungs that contains the trachea is called the:

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Mediastinum

Chapter 4 – Pulmonology – Flashcards

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