Chapter 4 – PSYCH 1000 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
zygote
answer
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
question
embryo
answer
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
question
fetus
answer
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
question
Prenatal development
answer
zygote: conception to 2 weeks embryo: 2 weeks through 8 weeks fetus: 9 weeks to birth
question
teratogens
answer
(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as toxins, chemicals, and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
question
etal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
answer
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
question
habituation
answer
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
question
maturation
answer
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
question
critical period
answer
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
question
cognition
answer
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
question
schema
answer
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
question
assimilation
answer
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
question
accommodation
answer
(1) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (2) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
question
sensorimotor stage
answer
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
question
object permanence
answer
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
question
preoperational stage
answer
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
question
conservation
answer
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
question
theory of mind
answer
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
question
concrete operational stage
answer
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
question
formal operational stage
answer
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
question
Object permanence, pretend play, conservation, and abstract logic are developmental milestones for which of Piaget's stages, respectively?
answer
Object permanence for the sensorimotor stage, pretend play for the preoperational stage, conservation for the concrete operational stage, and abstract logic for the formal operational stage.
question
Ability to reverse math operations.
answer
Concrete operational
question
Thinking about abstract concepts, such as "freedom."
answer
Formal operational
question
Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up).
answer
Preoperational
question
Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form.
answer
Concrete operational
question
Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom "disappears" behind the shower curtain
answer
Sensorimotor
question
Difficulty taking another's point of view (as when blocking someone's view of the TV).
answer
Preoperational
question
stranger anxiety
answer
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
question
attachment
answer
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
question
imprinting
answer
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
question
temperament
answer
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
question
basic trust
answer
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
question
A child's mental framework for interpreting reality becomes increasingly complex through the process of: conservation. assimilation. reversible thinking. accommodation. egocentrism.
answer
accommodation
question
A young child is shown two identical balls of clay. When one is rolled into a long rope, the child perceives it to contain more clay. This child is unable to understand: object permanence. conservation. assimilation. accommodation
answer
conservation
question
Both Mike and Leah respond correctly to the waterjar problem. This illustrates that they have developed what Piaget calls: formal operations. object permanence. reversible thinking. accommodation.
answer
reversible thinking.
question
A young child who sees a cow for the first time calls it a "doggie." This illustrates the process of: accommodation. object permanence. conservation. reversible thinking. assimilation.
answer
assimilation
question
Lisa's incorrect responses to the checkers problem indicate that she is still in the ________ stage of cognitive development. formal operational preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor
answer
concrete operational
question
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking are known as: fetal abuse syndrome. fetal substance syndrome. fetal drinking syndrome. fetal alcohol syndrome.
answer
fetal alcohol syndrome.
question
The orderly sequence of developmental growth is referred to as _____.
answer
maturation
question
The importance of _____ was most clearly highlighted by Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.
answer
schemas
question
Beginning at around 8 months, children may greet _____ by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.
answer
strangers
question
Your cousin miscarried during her eighth week of pregnancy. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?
answer
embryo
question
You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?
answer
The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.
question
Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe? occipital parietal frontal temporal
answer
frontal
question
According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ stage of cognitive development, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur.
answer
sensorimotor
question
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.
answer
authoritarian
question
Quentin is a 3-month-old baby who has become habituated to his puppet head. He will probably look at it _____ frequently now.
answer
less
question
Bill learned to stand before walking because growth is _____ and fragmented.
answer
gradual
question
According to Vygotsky, teaching children phrases like, "no, no" and "please wait" gives them self-control tools that allow them to internalize cultural language and rely on _____ when they need to resist temptation later.
answer
inner speech
question
Fletcher is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Fletcher was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Fletcher will become a(n) _____ adult.
answer
normal
question
Tonya has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small and slightly disproportioned. Tonya did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has _____.
answer
fetal alcohol syndrome
question
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?
answer
Andrei will walk within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on or nearly on the same day.
question
Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is most likely that she will: speak English with a French accent. remember all the French she learned as a baby. speak with a genuine French accent. have an easy time learning French.
answer
speak with a genuine French accent.
question
Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n) _____.
answer
teratogen
question
As a 5-year-old, Ivis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help he was able to relearn how to speak. As an adult, Ivis experienced a stroke and he lost his ability to speak again. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to:
answer
the pruning process
question
Kaylee's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Kaylee is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Which of these explains why Kaylee can now sit and listen to the books her grandmother likes to read?
answer
rapid growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes
question
Marla is eight months pregnant. About a month ago, she started reading nursery rhymes aloud every night before bed. Marla most probably reads the nursery rhymes because:
answer
she wants to make sure her baby learns the sound of her voice.
question
Kevin is an exceptionally talented violinist and has an extraordinary knowledge of music history, but he has a hard time playing in an orchestra. He is easily distracted when he should be paying attention to the conductor and never socializes or makes eye contact with other players. Kevin may have _____ syndrome.
answer
autism spectrum disorder
question
Five-year-old Aldo complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Aldo's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Aldo happy, as he believed the pizza had become larger. Aldo lacks the concept of _____.
answer
conservation
question
A school psychologist works with a teenage student who has lower intelligence, is hyperactive, and has behavior problems. What other problems might the psychologist suspect? smoking drug use drinking sexual orientation
answer
drinking
question
Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results?
answer
They forgot all their classmates
question
adolescence
answer
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
question
puberty
answer
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
question
Preconventional Morality (before age 9)
answer
Focus: Self-Interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Example: If you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero
question
Conventional Morality (early adolescence)
answer
Focus: Hold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order Example: If you steal the drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal.
question
Postconventional Morality
answer
Focus: Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. Example: People have a right to live.
question
Psychologist Jonathan Haidt
answer
believes that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions-"quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions."
question
According to Kohlberg, _________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, ___________ morality focuses on self-interest, and _________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.
answer
According to Kohlberg, conventional morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, preconventional morality focuses on self-interest, and postconventional morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.
question
Theorist Erik Erikson
answer
contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution. Young children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy (independence), then initiative.
question
identity
answer
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
question
social identity
answer
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I? " that comes from our group memberships.
question
intimacy
answer
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
question
What is the selection effect, and how might it affect a teen's decision to join sports teams at school?
answer
Adolescents tend to select similar others and to sort themselves into like-minded groups. For an athletic teen, this could lead to finding other athletic teens and joining school teams together.
question
emerging adulthood
answer
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.
question
Trust vs. mistrust
answer
Infancy
question
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
answer
Toddlerhood
question
Initiative vs. guilt
answer
Preschool
question
Competence vs. inferiority
answer
Elementary School
question
Identity vs. role confusion
answer
Adolescence
question
Intimacy vs. isolation
answer
Young Adulthood
question
Generativity vs. stagnation
answer
Middle Adulthood
question
Integrity vs. despair
answer
Late Adulthood
question
What findings in psychology support the stage theory of development? What findings challenge these ideas?
answer
Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development), but it is challenged by findings that change is more gradual and less culturally universal than these theorists supposed.
question
_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.
answer
Frontal
question
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.
answer
preconventional
question
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than 4 years since 1960, to _____ for men and _____ for women.
answer
28; 26
question
Jean-Pierre is 17. He is a heavy drinker and likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. What behavior would one most likely expect when Jean-Pierre is 21?
answer
His driving will remain reckless as he gets older.
question
Which of the following traits are associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive? delayed gratification conventional thinking concrete operations formal operations
answer
delayed gratification
question
According to researchers, teens who start smoking typically have _____ who model smoking and offer cigarettes.
answer
friends
question
Maddie and Darren are twins. They were about the same height until they were eleven. What would one expect to occur when they are sixteen? Darren will be taller than Maddie. They will remain the same height and stop growing. Maddie will be taller than Darren. They will both grow taller but they will still be about the same height.
answer
Darren will be taller than Maddie.
question
Childhood is to adolescence as _____ images are to abstract ideas.
answer
concrete
question
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:
answer
intimacy vs. isolation
question
Dawson is 17. He does not drink or use drugs, but he likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. When Dawson is 23 he will most likely _____ this type of behavior.
answer
reduce
question
Peter is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Peter knows that this will look good on his college applications. Peter is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
answer
conventional
question
At 19, Bianca is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Bianca's neurons have probably started to _____.
answer
prune
question
Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:
answer
mature at an earlier age
question
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
answer
frontal lobes are not fully developed
question
Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the impact of smoking on _____ choices.
answer
friendship
question
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:
answer
emerging adulthood
question
Erikson's intimacy, generativity, and integrity compare to which of Kohlberg's morality stages?
answer
postconventional
question
menopause
answer
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
question
cross-sectional study
answer
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
question
longitudinal study
answer
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.
question
social clock
answer
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
question
Primary Aging
answer
The universal, normal, irreversible changes that occur with time
question
Secondary Aging
answer
Changes that are caused by disease or environmental damage
question
Signs of aging are grouped in three categories
answer
Changes in appearance Changes in sensory capabilities Changes in physical function
question
Senescence occurs: when a person enters late adulthood and experiences mental decline. as soon as overall growth stops. at puberty. at middle age when the first signs of physical decline begin to appear.
answer
as soon as overall growth stops.
question
Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____ a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.
answer
in their 30's
question
The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.
answer
clock
question
Cognitive development is best reflected in which of the following?
answer
continuity
question
Luella is getting much older and has had a series of small strokes. These strokes can progressively damage her brain and are most likely to produce _____.
answer
neurocognitive disorder
question
Those who emphasize change over stability would suggest that the first two years of life provide a _____ basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.
answer
poor
question
In one recent survey, 75 percent of the participants reported being sexually active into their _____s.
answer
80s
question
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to self-report that they:
answer
are satisfied with their lives
question
Charlotte lives alone and is becoming forgetful. She is more likely to forget a habitual and _____-based task like taking her medicine at 6am, 2pm, and 10 pm than she is to forget that she is out of milk after seeing a milk commercial.
answer
time
question
Mike is 75 years old. He is participating in a longitudinal study. Each year he is given a list of words to recognize and recall two hours later. Mike is beginning to notice that the number of words he can recognize is unchanged but the number of words he _____ is decreasing.
answer
recalls
question
Biological maturation is best reflected in which of the following?
answer
stages
question
In grade school, Jessica thought boys had "cooties" and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude towards boys represents: - the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. - the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. - the continuity side of the "continuity and stages" developmental issue. - the nature side of the "nature and nurture" developmental issue.
answer
the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.
question
You recently signed up for a Web site that reunites you with former classmates from grade school. You are curious to see if many of your former friends still look and act the same. Research on stability and change would predict:
answer
that some things about your friends will be the same while other aspects will be quite different.
question
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of _____ or change.
answer
stability
question
All of the following represent biological maturation EXCEPT: puberty. object permanence. vocabulary development. trust versus mistrust.
answer
vocabulary development.
question
Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of grief such as denial before _____.
answer
anger
question
Although research on Erik Erikson's theory indicates that development does not seem to progress exactly through the series of fixed steps as he indicated, nature means more than nurture. the concept of stages is still a useful idea in developmental psychology. researchers have shown that we have consistent development. psychological science cannot be trusted.
answer
the concept of stages is still a useful idea in developmental psychology.
question
The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and _________/_________.
answer
continuity/stages
