Chapter 4 Histology: The Study of Tissues – Flashcards
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Tissues
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Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function
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four types of tissues
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1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4.Nervous tissue
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Histology
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Microscopic study of the tissue
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Biopsy
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Removal if tissue for diagnostic purposes
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Autopsy
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Examination of tissue of dead body to determine cause of death
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Embryonic Tissue, germ layer
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Endoderm, Mesoderm
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Endoderm
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inner layer, forms the lining of the digestive tract
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Mesoderm
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middle layer, forms muscles, bones, and blood vessels
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Ectoderm
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outer layer, forms the skin and neuroectoderm forms structures of the nervous system
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Epithelial Tissue
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consist almost entirely of cells Avascular- no blood supply Regenerative- cell can divide Specialized cell connections Cover the outside of the body Line the insides of the digestive, urinary, respiratory and reproductive system Line heart and blood vessels Lines the inside of body cavities Forms glands Distinct sufaces: free surface- top, faces lumen/opening Lateral surface- sides, where the cells contact one another Basal surface- bottom, attaches to another structure Basement membrane- a cellular layer below the tissue
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Basement Membrane
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Extracellular Formed by secretions of the cells of the epithelial tissue and secretions of the underlying connective tissue A cellular "glue" Functions: attaches the CT (connective tissue) Helps to guide cell migration Act as a filter Not always associated with epithelial tissues
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue
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Protect underlying structures Act as a barrier Allow for movement of material across the surface Secretion Absorption
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Classification of Epithelium
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Number of layers of cells Simple- single layer of cells Stratified- two or more layers of cells. Use apical/top cell layer to name the shape of the cell Pseudostratified- tissues that appear to be stratified but all the cells are attached to the basement membrane Shape of cells Squamous- flattened, scale shaped Cuboidal-same hight and width Columnar-taller than wide
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Simple
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single layer of cells
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Stratified
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two or more layers of cells. Use apical/top cell layer to name the shape of the cell
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Pseudostratified
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tissues that appear to be stratified but all the cells are attached to the basement membrane Shape of cells
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Squamous
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flattened, scale shaped
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Cuboidal
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same hight and width
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Columnar
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taller than wide
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Functional Characteristics
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Simple:Allow diffusion of gases, flirtation of the blood,secretion, absorption Stratified:protection-against abrasion Squamous: allow for diffusion and filtration Cuboidal and columnar:secretion and absorptions May contain goblet cells- mucus producing cell, unicellular gland
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Free surfaces of epithelium
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Smooth: reduces friction Microvilli:increase surface area, absorption and secretion Stereocilia: elongated microvilli, for absorption and secretion Cilia: move materials over the surface of the tissue Folds:in transitional epithelium, allows organs to change shape as the fill or empty. urinary system
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Structure: single layer of flattened cells Location:lining blood and lymphatic vessels, alveoli, kidney, lining serious membrane Functions:diffusion, filtration, some protection, small amount of absorption and secretion
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Structure: single layer of cubed shaped cells Location:Kidney tubules, glands, choroid plexus, terminal bronchioles Functions:absorption, secretion, movement of materials(celli)
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Structure: single layer of column shaped cells Location:Glands, stomach, intestines, bronchoiles of the lungs, uterus uterine tubes, gallbladder Functions:secretion, movement of materials over the surface, absorption
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Structure: multiple layer where the basal layers are cuboidal and apical is flattened Location:Keratinized- skin, moist-oral cavity,parts of the pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus Functions:Protection
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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Structure:multiple layers of cube shaped cells Location: sweat gland ducts, salivary gland duct Functions:absorption secretion and protection
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Structure:multiple layers with the apical layer being column shaped Location:mammary gland duct, male urthra, larynx Functions:secretion and protection
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Structure: aall cells are attached to the basement membrane but it appears to be more than one layer Location: repiratory passageways nasal cavtiy parts or pharynx trachea, bronchi, auditory tubes Functions:secretion of mucus movement of mucus across the surface
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Transitional Epithelium
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Structure: multiple layers of cells that change shape, cube shaped when an organ is not stretched, squamaus when stretched Location:urinary system-urinary bladder, ureters, part of the urethra Functions:allow for changes in volume of the organ
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Cell Connections
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Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells Functions form a barrier hold cells together allow communication Types tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions
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Desmosomes
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disk-shaped structures within the cell membrane found in tissues where there is a lot of stress, like a snap example located in the skin located lateral surfaces connect two cells together
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Hemidesmosomes
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half of a desmosomes, found on the basal surface, attach the cell to the basement membrane
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Tight Junctions
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help form barriers between cells, like a zipper
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zonula adherens
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weak glue between cells, helping to hold cells together, single layer of cells(epithelium)
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zonula occludens
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permeability barrier, found in the stomach, prevent movement of materials between the cells
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Gap Junctions
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protein channels for communication between cells, allow ions to travel between cells, found in ciliated tissues, help coordinate movement, found in cardiac and smooth muscle
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Glands
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Epithelium with supporting network of C.T. Two types of glands formed by infolding of epithelium: Endocrine:no open contact with exterior, no ducts, release into the blood, produce hormones Exocrine:maintain open contact with exterior, have ducts Exocrine glands classified either by __structure__ or by the _method of secretion__ Sturcture: unicellular-have only 1 one cell, goblet cells multicellular made up of more than one cell
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Multicellular Exocrine Glands
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Classified on the basis of types of ducts or mode of secretion Types of ducts Simple:little to no bracing of the ducts Compound:ducts that have a lot of branching tubular glands -straight ducts acinar glands- sac like structure
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Connective Tissue
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abundant type of tissue found in every organ consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix most diverse many important functions
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Functions of Connective Tissue
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enclose organs separate layers of an organ connect tissues to one another support and movement storage protect and insulation transportation
