Chapter 4- Cancer – Flashcards
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define cancer
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Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
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how many different types of cancer?
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100
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goals of World Cancer Declaration
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-decrease cancer mortality -improve quality of life -improve survivor rates
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onco- means:
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mass or tumor
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physician specializing in cancer
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oncologist
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epidemiology:
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incidence, prevalence, distribution, control, patterns of disease
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resource for US caner data:
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American Cancer Society (ACS)
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#1 cause of death worldwide:
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cancer
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#1 cancer site world wide
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lung
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projected global mortality trend:
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rising
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top 3 cancer sites in US (in general)
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lung, colorectal, and breast
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top 3 cancer sites in WOMEN
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Lung, breast, colon
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top 3 cancer sites in MEN
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lung, prostate, colon
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general cancer mortality rate in US (men and women):
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decreasing
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men have increased cancer in...
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pancreas, liver
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women have increased cancer in...
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pancreas
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race/ethnicity specific cancer mortality:
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black men
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3 top cancers affecting 20-24 yr olds
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leukemia, testicular, thyroid
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tumor can be:
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benign or malignant
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neoplasm:
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abnormal mass of tissue (benign or malignant)
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benign neoplasm
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cancerous tumor or mass (polyp)
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malignancy is aka:
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cancer
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hemangioma
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benign- blood vessels dilated (some call this a strawberry)
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characteristics of benign cell
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-slow growth -spreads local -surround by a capsule -doesn't metastasis -constriction/ compression
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characteristics of malignant cell
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-fast growth -invasion -spreads in tissue -non incapsulated (irregular borders) -anemia/ malnutrition
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metaplasia:
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uniform and predictable change
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dysplasia:
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abnormal
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polyp-
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pre cancerous
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the structure between malignant cell and begin cells are:
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different
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fibroid is a
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benign tumor in the uterus
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cancer begins when....
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a single cell mutates
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metaplasia is _____ and _______
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physiological and reversible
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dysplasia is _____ and _____
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non physiological and non-reversible (abnormal size, shape and appearance)
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TX:
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tumor can't be measured
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T0:
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no evidence of tumor
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Tis:
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cancer only in superficial layer (in situ cancer)
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T1-4
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describe the tumor is size. higher the number= bigger the tumor
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NX:
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lymph nodes can't be evaluated
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N0:
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Lymph nodes do not contain cancer
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N1-3:
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Higher the N= more lymph nodes that contain cancer
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MX:
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Metasasis can't be evaluated
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M0:
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no distant metastasis was found
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M1
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distant metastases were found
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Grade 1 tumor:
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cells = normal
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Grade 2 tumor:
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cells= slightly abnormal
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Grade 3 tumor:
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cells= abnormal
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Grade 4 tumor:
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cells= VERY abnormal
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can cancer refer to one disease
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no
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_______: characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
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cancer
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proportion of men with cancer:
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1/2
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proportion of women with cancer:
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1/3
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U.S is ____ cause of mortality:
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second
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Worldwide cancer is ____ of mortality
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first
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leukemia is
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cancer of the blood
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lymphoma is
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caner of the lymphatic system
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myeloma is
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cancer of bone marrow
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resemble cells of their origin:
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benign neoplasm
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adenocarcinoma
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malignant tumor of a gland
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carcinomas metastasize via:
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lymph
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cancers in the bone, muscle, cartilage
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sarcomas
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sarcomas tend to metastasize via the
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blood
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risk factors for cancer:
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age, tobacco use, infections
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infections from cancer:
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HPV, Hep b and C, Epstein-Barr, herpesvirus 8
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pruitis
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itching of the skin
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jaundice
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yellowish pigment of the skin
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erythema
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redding of the skin
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why is fever associated with cancer?
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it's a systemic response to infection
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why is weight loss associated with cancer?
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cancer cells compete for nutrients
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oncogenes
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tells the cells when to divide
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apoptosis:
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programmed cell death
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mutations account for what proportion of all cancers?
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5-10%
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example of inherited mutation suppressor genes
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BRAC1 and BRAC2
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BRAC1 and BRAC2 result in....
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hereditary breast cancer or ovarian cancers
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carcinogens:
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cancer causing agents or substances
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what proportion of cancers involve an acquired mutation in a tumor suppressor gene
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50%
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can a single test be use to diagnose cancer?
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no
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tumor markers:
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chemicals made by tumor cells that can be detected in the blood
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whats the problem with using tumor markers?
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bc some tumor markers are also produced by some normal cells (can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions)
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example of radiography screening:
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mammography
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biopsy:
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tissue is removed for microscopic examination of cells
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TNM:
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tumor, nodes, metastasis
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ultimate causes of death in those with cancer?
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secondary infection, organ failure, hemorrhage, and non-determined factors
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cancer treatments:
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surgery, radiation, chemo
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_____ of cancer people receive radiation
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1/2
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prevention strategies (6):
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1. no tobacco 2. healthy weight 3. eat healthy 4. limit alchy use 5. safe sex 6. no UV rays
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both men and women should be screened for:
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colorectal and breast cancer
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NOT a general sign for cancer?
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hemorrhage
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not responsible for cell division process?
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cyclins
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known risk factor for cancer?
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infection w certain viruses
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t/f the most important risk factor for cancer is tobacco use?
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false
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t/f under microscope the cells of benign tumor have a uniform appearance
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true
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mutations inherited from parent to child account for 25% of all cancers t/f
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false
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t/f half of men will develop cancer in their lifetime
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true
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t/f benign tumors invade surrounding tissues
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false
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three most common metastatic sites in the body
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bone, liver, lungs
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purpose of cancer screening?
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early detection
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screening is _____ prevention
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secondary
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cancer types are grouped from where they:
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begin
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carcinoma-
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skin/tissue
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sarcoma-
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bone, muscle, cartilage
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leukemia-
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bone marrow
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common metastatic routes:
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carcinoma- lymph carcoma- blood
