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Psychosocial Development: Identity

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Attainment of adult status causes adolescents to feel more mature and to think more seriously about future work and family roles

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Who was the first to discover egocentrism in adolescence?

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David Elkind

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Psychosocial development: Autonomy (self-sufficieny)

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Adult status leads to shifts in responsibility, independence, and freedom.

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Psychosocial development: Intimacy, dating and marriage

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Need for new decisions about sexuality activity

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After college __% of students move back in with their parents

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40%

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Psychosocial Development: Achievement

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Becoming a full-time employee; leave school of their own volition

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What does it take to get out of egocentrism?

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It takes impact in the world someway where your perceptions are change

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The idea of adolescence (social invention)

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Roots in the Industrial Revolution

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\"In loco parentis\" =

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In place of parents

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The beginning of the adolescence period in Western cultures

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1) Advocate 2) A law passed saying all children had to be in school until at least 16 or the 8th grade 3) Juvenile justice system

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Emerging adulthood

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Jeffrey Arnett's term for ages 18-25 caught between adolescence and adulthood

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Emerging adulthood characterized by

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1) The exploration of possible identities before making enduring choices 2) Unstable work, romantic relationships, and living situations 3) A focus on oneself and independent functioning 4) Subjective feeling of being caught between adolescence and adulthood 5) Subjective feeling that life holds many possibilities

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Changes in status during adolescence

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I) Two-sided alteration in status II) Legal boundaries III) Ability to participate in activities typically reserved for adults IV) Subject to a new set of laws and treatment by the society's legal institutions

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Changes in status during adolescence: Two-sided alteration in status

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1) increasing privileges 2) increasing responsibility.

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Changes in status during adolescence

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-) 2 sided alteration in status (increasing privileges, increasing responsibility) -) Legal boundaries -) Able to participate in activities usually reserved for adults -) Subject to a new set of laws and treatment the society's legal institutions

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The process of social redefinition generally begins at

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15 or 16

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Timetable is effected by

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1) economics 2) politics 3) culture

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Social redefinition: 3 major components

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1) Extrusion (real or symbolic separation from parents) 2) Separation of males and females 3) Passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information

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Formal initiation ceremony: boys

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Timing of ceremony varies. At puberty, at a designated chronological age, or when community decides individual is ready for status change. Physical appearance is often changed (ex. circumcision)

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Formal initiation ceremony: girls

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timing usually linked to menarche. Physical appearance is often changed (ex. clothing)

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Baby boom generation

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Individuals who were adolescents in 1950s - 1960s.

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Transition in the early 19th century was

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more disorderly and prolonged (like today)

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Contemporary cultures

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discontinuous, little preparation for roles of worker, parent, citizen

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Call to improve \"school-to-work transition\"

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youth apprenticeship model, options for non-college-bound high school students

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Traditional cultures

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continuous, adolescents' preparation for adulthood comes from observation and hands-on experience

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Previous eras

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In general, transition into adult roles began at a younger and proceeded along a more continuous path

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The transition into adulthood in a contemporary culture

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Adolescents are living at home longer than ever before. 55% of U.S. 20 - 22 year olds.

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The transition into adulthood in a contemporary culture may be a result of

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increased costs of housing and transportation

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Young people from minority backgrounds: beginning of the century

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2/3 of American adolescents were white

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Young people from minority backgrounds: today

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45% of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups

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Young people from minority backgrounds: end of the century

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Estimated that 2/3 of American adolescents will be from ethnic minority groups

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What can be done to ease the transition to adult work?

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1) Restructuring of secondary education 2) Expand work and volunteer opportunities 3) Improve the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents

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What can be done to ease the transition to adult work? (part 2)

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4) Expand opportunities int he workplace to make high school a \"bridge\" 5) Encourage adolescents to spend time in voluntary, nonmilitary service activities 6) Facilitate mentoring programs for at-risk adolescents

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Adolescents growing up in poor, urban communities are more likely to:

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1) Be sexually active at an earlier age 2) Bear children as teenagers 3) Become involved in criminal activities 4) Achieve less in (or drop out of) highschool

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Social redefinition

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the process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society

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Age of majority

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the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult

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The length of adolescence as a developmental period has increased dramatically due to

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earlier onset of puberty and the prolongation of formal education, which delays many of the role transitions that mark the beginning of adulthood

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Inventionists

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Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

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Child protectionists

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Individuals who argued, early in the 20th century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace

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Youth

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Today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18-22; it once referred to individuals 12-24

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Status offense

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A violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults

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Juvenile justice system

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A separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency

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Criminal justice system

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The system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime

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Cohort

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A group of individuals born during the same general historical era

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Extrusion

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The practice of separating children from their parents and requiring them to sleep in other households, part of the process of social redefinition at adolescence in many societies

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Scarification

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The intentional creation of scars of some part or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony

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Youth apprenticeship

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A structured, work-based learning experience that places an adolescent under the supervision of a skilled adult

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Collective efficacy

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A community's social capital, derived from its members' common values and goals

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There are three very different \"transition\" into adulthood in contemporary America

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1) one for the haves 2) one for have nots 3) one for those between the extremes

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Neighborhoods affect adolescents through three interrelated processes

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1) by influencing the sorts of norms to which adolescents are exposed 2) by altering the nature of interpersonal relationships inside and outside the family 3) by facilitating or limiting adolescents' access to economic and institutional resources

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Ruth Benedict

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The anthropologist who wrote extensively about the social transitions of adolescence and authored Patterns of Culture

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Teenager

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A term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people; it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did \"adolescent\"

Chapter 3: Social Redefinition and Psychosocial Development

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